The sample of 40Cr steel, common material used in gear manufacturing, was modified on surface with high current pulsed electron beam. Then the surface roughness, structure and property were tested and the effect to friction and wear property were analyzed and contrasted. Experimental results show that surface roughness increases after high current pulsed electron beam, while the surface section hardness increases 1 mm in depth from surface. The material surface structure changes and new retained austenite generates because of fast melting and cooling. The increase of microhardness and change of the structure positively influence the friction and wear property of 40Cr. The friction coefficient of modified samples is lesser and stable in the initial wear stage and increases to the approximate same level of original samples during the experiment process. The weight loss after electron beam is about 26.4% as that before electron beam, and this means that the wear extent decreases four times with the electron beam technology.