电磁轨道炮轨道表面熔凝沉积层研究进展*

康丽; 姚萍屏; 王兴; 周海滨; 周佩禹; 邓敏文

引用本文:	康丽,姚萍屏,王兴,周海滨,周佩禹,邓敏文.电磁轨道炮轨道表面熔凝沉积层研究进展*[J].中国表面工程,2023,36(3):40~51
	KANG Li,YAO Pingping,WANG Xing,ZHOU Haibin,ZHOU Peiyu,DENG Minwen.Research Progress in Fused Deposits on Electromagnetic Railgun Surfaces[J].China Surface Engineering,2023,36(3):40~51

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电磁轨道炮轨道表面熔凝沉积层研究进展*
康丽¹, 姚萍屏¹, 王兴¹, 周海滨^1,2, 周佩禹¹, 邓敏文¹
1.中南大学粉末冶金国家重点实验室长沙 410083;2.中南林业科技大学材料科学与工程学院长沙 410004

摘要:

电磁轨道发射是实现超高速电磁发射的优选方案，发射环境极其恶劣，轨道表面会产生一系列损伤。其中沉积层作为覆盖全轨道表面以及全发射过程的典型损伤形式，会显著影响运动电枢与固定轨道的接触特性。综述近年电磁轨道炮轨道表面熔凝沉积层的研究进展，阐述沉积层的形成机制及形成过程，归纳沉积层的特点，梳理影响沉积层形成的因素，探讨沉积层对于电磁发射行为的影响规律。电磁发射轨道表面沉积层具有多孔典型分布特性，其微观形貌及厚度随电枢发射在轨道长度方向和径向上有着明显的时空演化特性；沉积层的形成受到轨道材料及其结构设计、电枢材料及其电枢结构设计、电枢与轨道接触特性、表面处理以及发射电流参数等多种因素的影响。沉积层的存在一方面形成金属液化层，降低枢轨间摩擦因数，另一方面沉积在轨道表面，恶化枢轨接触状态。由于电磁发射轨道表面沉积层的形成条件极端苛刻，现有研究尚未能形成系统性和通用性的演化规律，在带沉积层轨道材料物性测试以及基于沉积层的枢轨接触特性的评价方面仍有待进一步深入研究。对沉积层未来的研究方向及提高电磁发射轨道性能具有一定参考意义。

关键词: 沉积层轨道电磁轨道炮表面

DOI：10.11933/j.issn.1007?9289.20220822002

分类号:TG156;TB114

基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(92166202)

Research Progress in Fused Deposits on Electromagnetic Railgun Surfaces

KANG Li¹, YAO Pingping¹, WANG Xing¹, ZHOU Haibin^1,2, ZHOU Peiyu¹, DENG Minwen¹

1.State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083 , China;2.College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology,Changsha 410004 , China

Abstract:

Electromagnetic launch technology, a key technology in the modern military, has powerful and long-range characteristics. As the preferred scheme, the electromagnetic rail launch can achieve ultrahigh-speed electromagnetic launching. During electromagnetic launching, extreme launching conditions such as high current (current density ≥ 100 GA / m² ), ultrahigh launch speed (outlet speed ≥2 km / s), high temperature rise (temperature rise rate ≥10⁵ K / s), and large strain (strain rate ≥ 10⁴ s^?1 ) cause the rail to be in a complex state of multifield coupling of strong electromagnetic-thermal forces, and damages such as grooving, gouging, ablation, transition, and deposition occur on the rail surface. The deposition is a typical type of damage that forms a layer covering the entire rail surface during the entire launch process. It significantly influences the contact characteristics between the moving armature and fixed rail and has received extensive attention. Research progress of the deposition layer on the rail surface of electromagnetic railguns is summarized in this paper. The organizational structure characteristics and distribution rules of the deposition layer are reviewed. The structural characteristics and distribution laws of the deposition layer, the factors that influence deposition layer formation, including the pivot rail material, structural design, contact characteristics of the pivot rail pair, and the launch environment, are summarized. The influence of the deposition layer on the electromagnetic emission behavior is discussed.The deposition layer formation is related to the temperature. The deposition layer on the surface of the electromagnetic emission rail exhibits typical porous distribution characteristics, and its microscopic morphology and thickness exhibit time–space evolution characteristics in the rail length direction and radial direction with the armature emission. Deposition layer formation is influenced by many factors, including the track material and its structural design, the armature material and its armature structural design, contact characteristics between the armature and track, surface treatment, emission current parameters, deposition layer thickness, surface roughness, and rail surface distribution. On the one hand, the deposition layer can reduce the friction coefficient between the armature and rail, facilitating the armature to slide at super-high speeds on the rail surface when the metal liquefaction layer is formed. On the other hand, the gap between the armature and rail changes after deposition on the rail surface, and the contact state between the armature and rail worsens, generating an electric arc between the armature and rail, and the deposition layer on the rail surface is ablated and carbonized. By clarifying the formation process, microscopic characteristics, and dynamic evolution characteristics of the mechanical properties of the deposition layer, the contact state between the armature and rail is determined to control the armature melting deposition behavior, reduce the probability of premature failure of the rail caused by the deposition layer, optimize the electromagnetic launch behavior, and increase the launch efficiency and rail life of the electromagnetic railgun. Because of the deposition layer, the formation conditions of the electromagnetic launch rail surface are extremely harsh, and a systematic and universal evolution law has not been developed yet. Tests on the physical properties of the rail material with the deposition layer and the evaluation of the pivot rail contact characteristics based on the deposition layer should be further investigated. This study provides a valuable reference for future research on the sedimentary layer and for improving the performance of electromagnetic launch rails.

Key words: deposition rail electromagnetic rail gun surface