| 引用本文: | 杨睿,田野,刘奕,李华.空蚀测试及耐空蚀材料研究现状[J].中国表面工程,2024,37(6):164~204 |
| YANG Rui,TIAN Ye,LIU Yi,LI Hua.Review on Cavitation Erosion Tests and Cavitation Erosion-resistant Materials[J].China Surface Engineering,2024,37(6):164~204 |
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| 摘要: |
| 海洋作为可持续发展的重要空间和资源保障，已成为全球所需资源的最大潜在来源。在此背景下，涉海设备的持续安全运行尤为重要。空蚀是船舶螺旋桨和船舵等过流部件中最常见的失效形式。因此，研究空蚀机理和开发耐空蚀材料对于保障这些部件的稳定运行和延长使用寿命至关重要。阐述过流部件空蚀的形成机理及其影响因素，介绍评估材料耐空蚀性能的一系列方法，基于材料体系总结耐空蚀合金以及涂层的研究现状和进展，评述各种材料体系的优缺点。归纳耐空蚀材料普遍具备的特点，即较少的缺陷、较低的层错能、硬质相与韧性相的结合以及能够产生应力诱导相变。提出应从降低耐空蚀材料的成本、探索材料的力学性能对空蚀行为机理性的影响以及基于微观结构设计耐空蚀材料三个方面推动耐空蚀材料的研发。 同时指出先进制造技术、高通量材料筛选、微观结构优化技术以及力学性能与耐空蚀性能关系的深入研究，将是实现未来耐空蚀材料突破的关键技术。通过聚焦以上这些研究方向、挑战和技术，将能够为耐空蚀材料的未来发展奠定坚实的基础，并开拓广泛的应用前景。 |
| 关键词: 空化 空蚀 失效模式 耐空蚀材料 |
| DOI：10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20231229001 |
| 分类号:TG174；TH117；TV4 |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金（52071329）；中国科学院青年创新促进会会员（2020299）；宁波市“科技创新”2025 重大专项（2020Z095）；宁波市重点研发计划（2023Z195）；民用航天技术预先研究项目（D020502） |
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| Review on Cavitation Erosion Tests and Cavitation Erosion-resistant Materials |
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YANG Rui，TIAN Ye，LIU Yi，LI Hua
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Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology andEngineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201 , China
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| Abstract: |
| International trade has become increasingly intertwined since the beginning of the 21st century. The annual ocean economy contributes approximately 1.5 trillion US dollars, which accounts for approximately 3% of the global value-added trade. This contribution is expected to double to 3 trillion US dollars by 2030. The ocean serves as not only a vast reservoir of resources but also a crucial space for sustainable development. Hence, the ocean is the world’s largest potential source of resources. Given this context, the reliable and safe operation of maritime equipment is paramount. Cavitation is the process where vapor bubbles form and collapse in a liquid due to pressure fluctuations, often resulting in surface damage known as cavitation erosion. Cavitation erosion is a frequent form of wear in components that operate in fluid environments. Thus, cavitation erosion highlights the importance of studying cavitation and developing materials that are resistant to cavitation erosion to ensure the stability and longevity of these components. This phenomenon is particularly problematic in high-speed components, such as ship propellers, hydraulic turbines, and pumps, where the dynamic pressures are significant. This review details the mechanism of cavitation erosion and the impact of cavitation erosion on maritime and hydraulic machinery. Initially, the focus of this review is to elucidate the physical principles underlying cavitation, and it begins by analyzing both the conditions under which cavitation occurs and the factors influencing its severity. This review then describes the formation of vapor bubbles and their behavior upon collapse, which is the primary cause of damage to affected materials. These collapses produce microjets and shockwaves that repeatedly impact material surfaces and thereby lead to material fatigue and eventual failure. This review also introduces a series of methods by which to evaluate the cavitation resistance of materials and summarizes progress in the development of cavitation erosion-resistant materials. These materials include various types of stainless steels, superalloys, and specialized coatings that provide enhanced resistance to the dynamic forces of cavitation. The use of vibratory devices for standard testing methods (ASTM G32), liquid impingement erosion tests (ASTM G73), and cavitating liquid jet erosion tests (ASTM G134) are discussed. Each method offers insight into the complex behaviors of materials under cavitation stress. Progress in the formulation of cavitation-resistant materials is further highlighted, focusing on the development of specialized alloys and coatings that are designed to mitigate the effects of cavitation. Stainless steels, nickel-aluminum bronzes, and superalloys are examined for their properties and effectiveness in resisting cavitation. This review also explores advanced coating technologies, such as thermal spraying and laser cladding, that enhance the surface properties of materials to withstand the erosive forces of cavitation. This work further highlights the common features of cavitation-resistant materials, including their minimal defects, low stacking fault energy, combination of hard and tough phases, and ability to undergo stress-induced phase transformations. Advancements in materials technology, particularly in the development of cavitation-resistant alloys and coatings, are highlighted. This review analyzes different material categories, their inherent advantages, and their limitations in combating cavitation erosion. Moreover, this review discusses innovations in metallurgical composition and surface engineering techniques that have shown promising results in enhancing the durability and efficiency of maritime components. This review emphasizes the ongoing need for research on cost-effective and universally applicable solutions with which to design cavitation erosion-resistant materials. Future research should prioritize reducing the costs of these materials, exploring the relationships between their mechanical properties and cavitation erosion mechanisms, and designing microstructures that inherently resist the effects of cavitation. The vast potential of the ocean as a source of global resources underscores the importance of advancing our understanding of technology with which to protect and sustainably utilize these resources. The development of materials that can withstand the harsh conditions of cavitation is crucial for the continued growth and sustainability of the ocean economy. |
| Key words: cavitation cavitation erosion failure modes cavitation-erosion-resistant materials |
