苛刻环境用金属基复合材料表面性能研究进展

王林静; 李可鑫; 周若男; 肖雪莲; 王方明; 郝开元; 赵晨辰; 张国田; 常可可

引用本文:	王林静,李可鑫,周若男,肖雪莲,王方明,郝开元,赵晨辰,张国田,常可可.苛刻环境用金属基复合材料表面性能研究进展[J].中国表面工程,2024,37(6):44~63
	WANG Linjing,LI Kexin,ZHOU Ruonan,XIAO Xuelian,WANG Fangming,HAO Kaiyuan,ZHAO Chenchen,ZHANG Guotian,CHANG Keke.Research Progress on the Surface Properties of Metal-matrix Composites for Harsh Environmental Applications[J].China Surface Engineering,2024,37(6):44~63

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苛刻环境用金属基复合材料表面性能研究进展
王林静^1，2，李可鑫^1，2，周若男^1，2，肖雪莲^1，2，王方明^1，2，郝开元^1，2，赵晨辰^1，2，张国田³，常可可^1，2
1.中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所海洋关键材料重点实验室宁波 315201 ；2.中国科学院大学材料与光电研究中心北京 100049 ；3.北京石油机械有限公司北京 102206

摘要:

随着我国航空航天、海洋、核能、高端制造等工业的快速发展，重大工程机械装备面临日益苛刻的服役环境，多因素强耦合环境使机械系统的安全可靠服役面临严峻挑战。金属基复合材料可设计性强，通过合理设计结合制备工艺，能够实现优异的强韧一体化力学性能，经过表面改性后更是兼具高比强度、耐高温、耐磨损、耐腐蚀等优势，实现多性能协同。金属基复合材料作为结构与表面功能一体化材料在重大工程领域发挥着日益重要的作用。综述航空航天、海洋钻探、核用密封、精密加工和装甲防护五类典型苛刻环境用金属基复合材料的服役环境、材料性能要求、主要金属基复合材料体系及其面临的挑战，介绍典型的金属基复合材料制备工艺及表面改性技术，提出针对不同金属基复合材料体系制定合适的制备工艺以及表面改性技术是开发综合性能优异的金属基复合材料的有效手段，针对典型应用环境面临的突出表面问题，即摩擦、腐蚀、氧化，梳理金属基复合材料表面性能研究现状，指出改善金属基复合材料耐磨性、耐蚀性和抗氧化性的策略，并对金属基复合材料未来的发展方向进行展望，为开发强韧性、耐磨、防腐、耐高温等结构-表面功能一体化金属基复合材料提供思路。

关键词: 苛刻环境金属基复合材料表面性能

DOI：10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20231222002

分类号:TB331

基金项目:国家重点研发计划（2022YFB3706600）；宁波市重大科技任务攻关（2022Z190）；宁波市 3315 创新团队（2019A-18-C）

Research Progress on the Surface Properties of Metal-matrix Composites for Harsh Environmental Applications

WANG Linjing^1，2，LI Kexin^1，2，ZHOU Ruonan^1，2，XIAO Xuelian^1，2，WANG Fangming^1，2，HAO Kaiyuan^1，2，ZHAO Chenchen^1，2，ZHANG Guotian³，CHANG Keke^1，2

1.Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201 , China ；2.Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049 , China ；3.Beijing Petroleum Machinery Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206 , China

Abstract:

With the rapid development of the aerospace, marine, nuclear, and high-end manufacturing industries, mechanical equipments for major projects face increasingly harsh service environments with coupling effects from multiple factors, which brings severe challenges to the high safety and reliability of mechanical systems. Metal-matrix composites allow the properties of a designable structure to be tailored, enabling the achievement of excellent strength-ductility synergy and multi-performance synergy, particularly after surface modification, which play an increasingly important role in major engineering fields as structural-surface functional integrated materials. Metal-matrix composites are widely used as functional and structural materials in aerospace, deep-sea drilling, nuclear sealing, precision machining, armor protection, and other fields owing to their low coefficient of thermal expansion, high strength, high stiffness, extreme temperature resistance, and good tribological properties. Several conventional metal-matrix composites for harsh environments were reviewed, including the characteristics of service environments, requirements for material performance, and major metal-matrix composite systems. To address the severe challenges caused by friction, corrosion, fatigue, temperature, erosion, and wear, innovations in the preparation process and surface modification technology of metal-matrix composites should be urgently developed to ensure the safe and reliable service of components. Conventional fabrication processing and surface modification techniques for metal-matrix composites have been introduced, including solid-state, liquid-state, and gas-state fabrication techniques commonly used in the preparation of metal-matrix composites and physical, chemical, and mechanical techniques used in the surface modification of metal-matrix composites. Solid-state preparation technology includes powder metallurgy and diffusion bonding, which involve die casting and pressure-free osmosis methods, whereas gaseous preparation technology includes physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition. The surface properties of metal-matrix composites prepared using the aforementioned methods can be further improved by applying surface modification technology to obtain integrated metal-matrix composites with structure-surface functions and realize multi-performance synergy. Although the combination of the preparation process and surface modification technology can effectively develop metal-matrix composites with excellent comprehensive properties, formulating appropriate preparation processes and surface modification technologies for different metal-matrix composite systems remains difficult. In view of surface problems such as friction, corrosion, and oxidation faced by typical application environments, the research status of the surface properties of metal-matrix composites was investigated, and control strategies for improving the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and oxidation resistance of metal-matrix composites were summarized. Based on research on the design and performance of metal-matrix composites, a series of metal-matrix composite systems with customized properties have been developed for specific applications, which compensate for the poor performance of pure metal and traditional metal alloys in harsh environments and provide important opportunities for major construction machinery and equipment upgrades. In recent years, continuous improvements in manufacturing processing and surface modification technology have steadily improved the surface properties of metal-matrix composites; however, further systematic research should be conducted to meet the needs of increasingly harsh service environments. Future development directions are suggested. A configuration design theory should be developed, and the strategies for structural design, microstructural control, and surface-interface tight regulation of metal-matrix composites should be promoted. A basic database of metal-matrix composites should be constructed using efficient research methods, such as machine learning, and a design theory and metal-matrix composite model should be established, reducing the high trial-and-error costs incurred by blind design. Automatic special equipment should be developed to achieve high process controllability, improve production efficiency, and accelerate the transition from traditional to intelligent manufacturing. This study provides ideas for the development of the properties of structure-surface functional integrated metal-matrix composites, such as strength, toughness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature resistance.

Key words: harsh environment metal-matrix composite surface property