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作者简介:

贺庆强,男,1978年出生,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。主要研究方向为金属表面复合改性技术、深孔钻滚复合加工和碳钢表面摩擦涂覆渗铝。E-mail:heqingqiang_upc@163.com;

许智彬,男,1999年出生,硕士。主要研究方向为碳钢表面摩擦涂覆渗铝。E-mail:940384135@qq.com

中图分类号:TG174

DOI:10.11933/j.issn.1007−9289.20210608002

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目录contents

    摘要

    为了改善铸铁在恶劣环境下的腐蚀问题,采用涂覆渗铝的表面改性技术在铸铁表面进行铝涂层制备。以 HT150 为研究对象,对其进行摩擦涂覆渗铝处理,随后对涂层进行高频感应加热扩散和普通加热扩散处理。通过正交试验研究滚花量、扩散处理温度及保温时间对渗层厚度的影响,采用 SEM 和 EDS 定量分析渗层厚度变化。结果表明:滚花处理后进行摩擦涂覆可制备较大厚度的纯铝层,显著影响扩散处理后的渗铝层厚度;两种扩散退火处理均促使渗层厚度明显增大,但相同加热温度下,高频感应加热扩散比普通加热扩散的效率更高、效果更好。采用前者,铸铁试样在 2~6 min 内渗层厚 20~160 μm。 采用滚花预处理与感应扩散相结合的涂覆方式制备的渗层厚度较常规涂覆方式明显增加,采用该方式可制备腐蚀性能较好的渗铝层。

    Abstract

    In order to improve the corrosion of cast iron in harsh environment, aluminum coating is prepared on cast iron by surface modification technology of aluminizing coating. HT150 is treated by friction coating and aluminizing, followed by high-frequency induction heating diffusion and ordinary heating diffusion. The effects of knurling amount, diffusion treatment temperature and holding time on the thickness of permeable layer are studied by orthogonal test, and the change of permeable layer thickness is quantitatively analyzed by SEM and EDS. The results show that the pure aluminum layer with larger thickness can be prepared by friction coating after knurling treatment, and the thickness of aluminizing layer after diffusion treatment is significantly affected. Both diffusion annealing treatments significantly increase the thickness of the permeable layer, but under the same heating temperature, the high frequency induction diffusion has higher efficiency and better effect than ordinary heating diffusion. With the former, the layer thickness of cast iron sample is 20-160 μm in 2-6 min. The thickness of the aluminized layer prepared by knurling pretreatment combined with induction diffusion method is obviously increased compared with the conventional coating method. The aluminized layer with better corrosion performance can be prepared by using this method.

  • 0 前言

  • 碳素钢和低合金钢表面易腐蚀,限制了其应用场合,尤其在海洋环境中,因富含Cl-、CO2、H2S等腐蚀性介质,腐蚀问题更加严峻[1]。目前,多采用表面渗铝提高其抗腐蚀性。钢材进行渗铝处理后,表面形成的铁铝合金层的耐高温氧化和耐硫化能力好[2-3]。传统渗铝方法如热浸渗铝[4]、热喷涂渗铝[5-6]、粉末包埋渗铝[7]和料浆渗铝[8]等扩散处理温度多在750℃以上[9-10],容易降低基体力学性能,近年来,针对低温渗铝方法进行了大量研究,采用机械能助渗铝的方法,将渗铝温度降低至500~600℃[11-12]

  • 因来源丰富、价格低廉,工业中广泛应用铸铁件,因其抗高温氧化性较差,尝试渗铝提高其抗氧化性能,但传统渗铝方法在铸铁表面制备的渗铝层偏薄。本文提出“滚花+摩擦涂覆+感应加热扩散处理”渗铝新方法,可在碳素钢、铸铁等表面制备较为理想的渗铝层。渗铝的合金层厚度增加后有利于改善碳钢的抗腐蚀性能,常用在机床床身、汽缸等结构件上作为防腐涂层材料。

  • 1 试验准备

  • 1.1 试样选择

  • 试验材料为HT150,表1列出了其主要合金元素。为控制摩擦涂覆铝层厚度,预先对HT150试样进行表面滚花,随后进行摩擦涂覆渗铝。

  • 表1 灰铸铁HT150主要合金元素含量表

  • Table1 Chemical composition of gray cast iron HT150

  • 1.2 试验设计

  • 对涂覆渗铝后试样进行普通加热扩散(SX2马弗炉)和高频感应加热扩散(HY-15A高频感应加热器)。用4XC三目倒置金相显微镜观测涂覆铝层厚度。用JSF-7800F型扫描电子显微镜观测界面形貌,并对其进行EDS线扫描,定量分析铁铝合金层厚度及铝元素分布。

  • 选择滚花量、扩散处理温度及保温时间三个因素进行正交试验,表2列出了各因素及其水平值。

  • 表2 感应扩散正交因素表

  • Table2 Orthogonal factor table of induction diffusion

  • 2 结果分析

  • 2.1 金相组织分析

  • 根据前期试验结果,主轴转速对涂覆层厚度影响较小,故主要考虑滚花量对涂覆层厚度的影响。用金相显微镜观测涂覆铝层附近微观组织,并测量涂覆铝层厚度,如图1所示。

  • 图1 铸铁试样摩擦涂覆金相图

  • Fig.1 Metallographic diagram of friction coating on cast iron sample

  • 图1a滚花渗铝试样,涂覆铝层约39 μm;图1b滚花0.07mm试样,最大涂覆铝层约70 μm,图1c滚花0.15mm试样,最大涂覆铝层约154 μm。

  • 未滚花试样涂覆层厚度较小。初步分析,未滚花铸铁试样表面光滑,摩擦涂覆时熔融的铝材大多堆积在铸铁表面,随着涂覆层厚度增加,堆积在铸铁表面的熔融铝材在摩擦力作用下发生脱落,铝层厚度减小,最后铝层脱落过程与铝层的扩散粘接过程达到相对稳定状态,涂覆层厚度不再增加。

  • 滚花试样最大涂覆层厚度与滚花量基本相同。初步分析,滚花处理增大了铸铁与铝材的接触面积,摩擦生热效率提高,涂覆铝材在短时间内温度快速升高,大量熔融的铝材在压力作用下挤进滚花沟槽内,随着摩擦涂覆过程进行,最终填满滚花槽,形成与滚花凸起高度基本相同的致密涂覆层。滚花形成的凹槽环绕包裹着块状涂覆铝层,试样表面凸起部分与铝材直接接触,避免了涂覆层受到摩擦力作用,摩擦涂覆整个过程中主要以熔融铝材的涂覆粘接过程为主,减少了涂覆层的脱落,所以,可通过改变滚花量获得所需的涂覆层厚度。另外,滚花试样表面晶粒破碎,晶界增多,增加了铸铁表面的组织缺陷,形成了铝原子的快速扩散通道,有利于后续扩散处理时渗层厚度的快速增加(后文详述),与机械研磨助渗铝[13-14]的方法有相似之处。

  • 2.2 扩散退火处理结果分析

  • 图2 给出滚花0.07mm铸铁试样摩擦涂覆铝后SEM及EDS线扫描结果。摩擦涂覆铝层可分为内外两层,外层是纯铝层,厚度70~80 μm,内层为摩擦涂覆进程中形成的约2 μm铁铝冶金结合层。

  • 图2 滚花0.07mm试样SEM及EDS图

  • Fig.2 SEM and EDS of knurled 0.07mm cast iron sample

  • 摩擦涂覆铝后,对涂层试样进行高频感应扩散和普通扩散处理。图3、4分别为滚花0.07mm试样高频感应加热(700℃保温6min)和马弗炉加热(700℃保温4h)后SEM及EDS线扫描结果。可见,两种扩散处理均促使试样表面铝元素向铸铁基体内扩散,高频感应处理后渗层厚100~110 μm,普通扩散处理后渗层厚度90~100 μm。

  • 图3 滚花0.07mm试样感应加热700℃保温6min SEM及EDS图

  • Fig.3 SEM and EDS of knurled 0.07mm sample induced at 700℃ for 6min

  • 图4 滚花0.07mm试样加热700℃保温4h SEM及EDS图

  • Fig.4 SEM and EDS of knurled 0.07mm sample heated at 700℃ for 4h

  • 综上,滚花后铸铁试样进行摩擦涂覆处理,试样表层通过化学反应和热扩散[15]可形成厚度较大的纯铝层和几微米厚的铁铝冶金结合层。扩散退火处理促使渗层厚度明显增大,相同加热温度条件下,高频感应加热扩散退火比普通加热扩散退火的效率更高,效果更好。

  • 初步分析,扩散退火增大了铝元素的扩散能力,涂覆铝层的铝元素浓度大,向试样基体内部扩散,同时,基体内部的铁元素也会向试样表层扩散,铁铝元素互扩散形成厚度较大的冶金结合区。

  • 3 正交试验结果及分析

  • 3.1 感应扩散退火处理结果分析

  • 为优化主要工艺参数,基于正交试验方法,进行了9次“摩擦涂覆+感应扩散退火”试验,并利用EDS线扫描测量渗层厚度,具体试验方案安排及渗层厚度见表3。

  • 表3 渗铝试样感应退火正交试验方案表

  • Table3 Orthogonal experiment scheme for induction annealing of aluminized sample

  • 3.2 正交试验极差分析

  • 表4 为正交试验极差分析结果。

  • 表4 感应扩散极差分析表

  • Table4 Range analysis of induced diffusion

  • 初步分析,感应加热温度对扩散后渗层厚度影响最大,滚花量次之,保温时间影响最小。另外,最优工艺参数组合为A3B3C1,即滚花量0.15mm,感应加热800℃,保温2min,此时,单位保温时间内渗层厚度增加趋于最大值。

  • 为验证分析结论,按最优工艺参数组合进行试验,结果见图5。经测量,扩散后渗层厚120~130 μm,单位保温时间内渗层厚度增加60~65 μm。

  • 图5 滚花0.15mm试样感应加热800℃、保温2min的SEM及EDS图

  • Fig.5 SEM and EDS of knurled 0.15mm sample induced at 800℃ for 2min

  • 3.3 讨论

  • 铸铁内含有较多碳和硅等元素,阻碍扩散处理时铝元素向基体内扩散,导致传统渗铝方法制备的渗铝层较薄[16-17],文献[18]采用粉末包埋渗铝工艺处理铸铁试样,在800℃保温1~5h,渗层厚度30~105 μm。

  • 机械滚花处理促使铸铁基体表层发生剧烈形变,导致位错密度增加,为铝元素向基体内扩散提供了快速通道;与此同时,摩擦涂覆制备的纯铝层厚度与滚花量基本相同,所以可初步判断,滚花量显著影响扩散处理后的渗铝层厚度。

  • 采用高频感应加热扩散处理,在2~6min,渗层可达20~160 μm,而普通加热扩散处理至少需要几个小时。初步分析,高频感应在试样表层产生涡流,促使金属试样表层温度快速上升,温度升高元素扩散系数增大,所以高频感应加热可在短时间内提高铝元素的扩散系数;同时,快速升温可细化铸铁表层组织,使试样表层晶界增多,形成铝元素的快速扩散通道,加快了铝元素的扩散进程,短时间内渗层厚度即可达到稳定状态,因此延长保温时间,渗层厚度增大并不明显。

  • 采用普通加热扩散处理,试样温度上升较慢,铝元素的扩散系数缓慢增加,在长时间内维持在很低的水平,渗铝进程缓慢;同时,慢速加热时试样表层组织粗大,铝元素快速扩散通道较少。因此,为得到相当厚度渗铝层,需要大幅增加保温时间。

  • 另外,根据柯肯达尔效应,扩散层的次外层和过镀层之间有大量空位聚集成空洞[19-20],随扩散处理保温时间延长,过渡层中的铁铝元素可以充分扩散,次外层与过渡层间的空洞数目增多,空洞现象越明显,降低了渗铝层致密性。与此同时,纯铝层中的铝元素会向表层扩散形成新的氧化铝层,随着保温时间延长,表层铝元素消耗殆尽,基体内部的铝元素向表层扩散形成氧化铝,反而降低了渗铝层厚度,因此保温时间不宜过长。多种因素叠加,导致采用普通加热扩散处理,造成保温时间长但最终渗铝层较薄的现象。

  • 4 盐雾试验及结果分析

  • 进行72h盐雾试验,初步检测试样耐腐蚀性,图6为试样外观,数据见表5。初步分析,外圆柱面涂覆铝层光滑、厚度均匀,未被腐蚀;端面涂覆铝层厚度不均、较粗糙,出现白色腐蚀物,但与未涂覆试样大量黄褐色铁锈相比,耐蚀性仍明显改善。另外,石仲川等[21]采用冷喷涂在钢铁表面制备纯铝涂层,因喷涂铝层结构致密,表面光滑,经1 000h中性盐雾试验未现明显腐蚀。因此,后续应优化涂覆工艺参数,提高表面涂覆质量,进一步改善其耐腐蚀性。

  • 图6 72h盐雾试验后试样照片

  • Fig.6 Photograph of the sample after 72h of salt spray test

  • 表5 72h盐雾试验腐蚀增重结果

  • Table5 72h salt spray test corrosion weight gain results

  • 5 结论

  • 采用表面摩擦涂覆渗铝方法,可在金属表面制备一定厚度涂覆铝层,该涂覆层与基体之间为冶金结合。铸铁摩擦涂覆渗铝试验表明,借助表面预形变与高频感应加热扩散处理,可初步控制涂覆铝层厚度,实现较低温度下铝铁元素快速扩散,短时间内显著增加渗层厚度。

  • 摩擦涂覆渗铝初步克服了传统渗铝方法实施铸铁渗铝时,温度高、渗层薄、扩散时间长等问题,且操作简单,效果可靠,成本较低。涂覆层显著提高了金属耐盐雾腐蚀性能,但涂覆层厚度均匀性欠佳,应深入研究控制涂覆铝层和冶金层厚度的关键因素,优化工艺参数,推进该方法的工程化应用。

  • 参考文献

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    • [16] 陈江,赵君文,黄兴民,等.热浸渗铝球墨铸铁合金层组织的演变规律[J].中国有色金属学报,2013,23(5):1248-1254.CHEN Jiang,ZHAO Junwen,HUANG Xingmin,et al.Microstructure evolution of intermetallic layer of hot dip aluminized ductile cast iron[J].Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2013,23(5):1248-1254.(in Chinese)

    • [17] 胡宁,樊自拴.铸铁喷涂渗铝工艺和性能[J].工程科学学报,2017,39(6):889-895.HU Ning,FAN Zishuan.Process and properties of spray-aluminized coating on cast iron[J].Journal of Engineering Science,2017,39(6):889-895.(in Chinese)

    • [18] 魏放.耐磨铸铁渗铝氧化工艺组织和性能的研究[D].天津:河北工业大学,2018.WEI Fang.Study on process microstructure and properties of aluminizing oxidation coatings on wear resistant cast iron[D].Tianjin:Hebei University of Technology,2018.(in Chinese)

    • [19] 张伟,范志康,徐国辉,等.扩散工艺对渗铝钢循环氧化和剥落性能的影响机理研究[J].材料工程,2005(6):45-49.ZHANG Wei,FAN Zhikang,XU Guohui,et al.Effect of diffusion on cyclic oxidation and spalling resistance of aluminized steel[J].Materials Engineering,2005(6):45-49.(in Chinese)

    • [20] 李飞舟.45 钢热浸渗铝渗层厚度分析[J].表面技术,2010,39(2):41-42,76.LI Feizhou.Thickness analysis of coating for hot dip aluminum on 45 steel[J].Surface Technology,2010,39(2):41-42,76.(in Chinese)

    • [21] 石仲川,张晓云,陈昊,等.高强钢冷喷涂铝锌复合涂层性能研究[J].材料工程,2015,43(2):14-19.SHI Zhongchuan,ZHANG Xiaoyun,CHEN Hao,et al.Properties of cold spray Al/Zn coatings on high-strength steel[J].Materials Engineering,2015,43(2):14-19.(in Chinese)

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 曾群锋,许雅婷,林乃明.304 不锈钢在人工海水环境中的腐蚀磨损行为研究[J].表面技术,2020,49(1):194-202,212.ZENG Qunfeng,XU Yating,LIN Naiming.Tribocorrosion behaviors of 304 stainless steel in artificial seawater[J].Surface Technology,2020,49(1):194-202,212.(in Chinese)

    • [2] ZAMANZADE Mohammad,BARNOUSH Afrooz,MOTZ Christian.A Review on the properties of iron aluminide intermetallics[J].Crystals,2016,6(1):1-29.

    • [3] SHEN Tsunghan,TSAI Chengyang,LIN Chaosung.Growth behavior and properties of Zn–Al pack cementation coatings on carbon steels[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2016,306:1-7.

    • [4] 黄敦伟,胡爱萍,张宏伟,等.热浸渗铝X70管线钢扩渗工艺研究[J].表面技术,2013,42(4):72-75,109.HUANG Dunwei,HU Aiping,ZHANG Hongwei,et al.Research on hot diffusion aluminizing process of X70 pipe line steel[J].Surface Technology,2013,42(4):72-75,109.(in Chinese)

    • [5] 徐滨士,李长久,刘世参,等.表面工程与热喷涂技术及其发展[J].中国表面工程,1998(1):3-9,49.XU Binshi,LI Changjiu,LIU Shishen,et al.Surface engineering and thermal spraying technology and their developments[J].China Surface Engineering,1998,(1):3-9,49.(in Chinese)

    • [6] 张永法,高名传,陈同舟,等.热喷涂高铝含量锌铝涂层的耐腐蚀性能研究[J].材料保护,2021,54(8):28-33.ZHANG Yongfa,GAO Mingchuan,CHEN Tongzhou,et al.Study on the corrosion resistance of thermal spraying zinc aluminum coating with high aluminum content[J].Materials Protection,2021,54(8):28-33.(in Chinese)

    • [7] 黄敏,王宇.包埋温度对N80套管钢渗铝层微观结构及性能的影响[J].热加工工艺,2011,40(2):161-163.HUANG Min,WANG Yu.Effect of pack temperature on microstructure and properties of aluminized n80 oil casing steel[J].Hot Working Technology,2011,40(2):161-163.(in Chinese)

    • [8] 刘梅静.料浆渗铝的工艺研究[J].金属加工(热加工),2015(S2):178-180.LIU Meijing.Study on aluminizing process of slurry[J].MW Metal Forming,2015(S2):178-180.(in Chinese)

    • [9] KAUR Japinder,SINGH Kulwant,PAUL Bhaskar,et al.Development of coating on the surface of reduced activation ferritic martensitic steel(RAFMS)substrate using hot dip aluminization and heat treatment[J].Metallography,Microstructure,and Analysis,2019,8(1):118-122.

    • [10] 李微,黄煌,黄伟颖,等.钢表面粉末包埋渗铝的表面状态及元素扩散机理研究进展[J].中国表面工程,2021,34(3):25-39.LI Wei,HUANG Huang,HUANG Weiying,et al.Research progress on surface state and element diffusion mechanism of steel with surface coating prepared by pack alumunizing[J].China Surface Engineering,2021,34(3):25-39.(in Chinese)

    • [11] 董瑞华.低碳钢表面机械能助渗铝工艺及渗铝层性能研究[D].济南:山东大学,2008.DONG Ruihua.Study on mechanical energy aided aluminizing and properties of aluminizing layer[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2008.(in Chinese)

    • [12] WANG Xiuchun,WEI Jun,ZHANG Jing,et al.Mechanism of Mechanical Energy Aided Aluminizing.2013,2273:267-272.

    • [13] 黄敏,王宇.表面机械研磨处理对N80套管钢低温渗铝层的影响[J].功能材料,2011,42(S4):628-631.HUANG Min,WANG Yu.Influence of surface mechanical attrition treatment on low-temperature rapid pack aluminizing layer of oil casing steel N80 [J].Journal of Functional Materials,2011,42(S4):628-631.(in Chinese)

    • [14] 罗宇峰,蒋益明,钟澄,等.纯铁表面机械研磨组织中的特殊扩散行为研究[J].金属热处理,2008(3):55-58.LUO Yufeng,JIANG Yiming,ZHONG Cheng,et al.Abnormal diffusion behavior in pure iron subjected to surface mechanical attrition treatment[J].Heat Treatment of Metals,2008(3):55-58.(in Chinese)

    • [15] WANG Chaurjeng,CHEN Shihming.The high-temperature oxidation behavior of hot-dipping Al-Si coating on low carbon steel[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2006,200:6601-6605.

    • [16] 陈江,赵君文,黄兴民,等.热浸渗铝球墨铸铁合金层组织的演变规律[J].中国有色金属学报,2013,23(5):1248-1254.CHEN Jiang,ZHAO Junwen,HUANG Xingmin,et al.Microstructure evolution of intermetallic layer of hot dip aluminized ductile cast iron[J].Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2013,23(5):1248-1254.(in Chinese)

    • [17] 胡宁,樊自拴.铸铁喷涂渗铝工艺和性能[J].工程科学学报,2017,39(6):889-895.HU Ning,FAN Zishuan.Process and properties of spray-aluminized coating on cast iron[J].Journal of Engineering Science,2017,39(6):889-895.(in Chinese)

    • [18] 魏放.耐磨铸铁渗铝氧化工艺组织和性能的研究[D].天津:河北工业大学,2018.WEI Fang.Study on process microstructure and properties of aluminizing oxidation coatings on wear resistant cast iron[D].Tianjin:Hebei University of Technology,2018.(in Chinese)

    • [19] 张伟,范志康,徐国辉,等.扩散工艺对渗铝钢循环氧化和剥落性能的影响机理研究[J].材料工程,2005(6):45-49.ZHANG Wei,FAN Zhikang,XU Guohui,et al.Effect of diffusion on cyclic oxidation and spalling resistance of aluminized steel[J].Materials Engineering,2005(6):45-49.(in Chinese)

    • [20] 李飞舟.45 钢热浸渗铝渗层厚度分析[J].表面技术,2010,39(2):41-42,76.LI Feizhou.Thickness analysis of coating for hot dip aluminum on 45 steel[J].Surface Technology,2010,39(2):41-42,76.(in Chinese)

    • [21] 石仲川,张晓云,陈昊,等.高强钢冷喷涂铝锌复合涂层性能研究[J].材料工程,2015,43(2):14-19.SHI Zhongchuan,ZHANG Xiaoyun,CHEN Hao,et al.Properties of cold spray Al/Zn coatings on high-strength steel[J].Materials Engineering,2015,43(2):14-19.(in Chinese)

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