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作者简介:

李强(通信作者),男,1984年出生,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。主要研究方向为流体动压润滑与表面织构。E-mail:liqiangsydx@163.com

中图分类号:TH133

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20210608003

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目录contents

    摘要

    作为改善摩擦表面界面性能的有效途经,表面织构现已成为摩擦学领域和表面工程领域的研究热点之一,但是表面织构的机理研究以及织构优化设计体系尚未完善。 首先从表面织构的承载机理和抗磨机理研究出发,揭示了织构表面润滑改善原因。 其次从表面织构的形状优化、分布优化和目标优化算法三个方面总结了表面织构的优化设计体系,综述了表面织构优化设计的研究进展。 最后介绍了表面织构在工业应用的研究现状。 表面织构的性能受结构参数及分布参数影响较大,而多参数协同优化设计为解决该问题的有效方法。 随着不断深入地对承载机理和抗磨机理、优化体系中关键技术以及不同领域应用的研究,以“机理-优化-应用”为思路的表面织构理论与设计体系有望形成。

    Abstract

    As an effective way to improve the interface properties of friction surfaces, surface texture technology has become one of the research hot spots in the fields of tribology and surface engineering. However, the investigations of mechanisms and surface texture’ s summary of optimization design demands improvement. Firstly, the reasons for the lubrication improvement on the textured surfaces are revealed based on the study of the textured loading capacity mechanisms and anti-wear mechanisms. Then, the textured optimization design system is summarized from three aspects: optimization of textured shapes, optimization of textured distributions and objective optimization algorithms. And the research progress of textured optimization design is reviewed. Finally, researches on the applications of textures in engineering industry are reviewed. The textured performances are considerably affected by their structural and distribution parameters, and the multi-parameter collaborative optimization design has gradually become the main method to solve above problems. With the continuous deepening investigations of textured loading capacity mechanisms and anti-wear mechanisms, the key technologies of textured optimization system and the textured application research in different fields, it is expected to form a textured theory and design system based on the idea of " mechanism-optimization-application" gradually.

  • 0 前言

  • 随着全球节能降耗需求的增加,表面织构技术因其在提高表面承载力和降低摩擦因数方面的良好性能,迅速成为摩擦学领域与表面工程领域的研究热点[1-3]。表面织构是通过激光加工、离子刻蚀、电沉积、磨粒流喷射等方法在摩擦副表面加工制造的具有特定尺寸及分布的微凹坑或微凹槽阵列[4-5]

  • 目前表面织构加工精度及成型技术的不断提高为制造出具有不同几何尺寸和形状的微织构,寻找出最优的织构参数提供了可能[6-7]。但是织构的性能在很大程度上受结构参数及分布参数影响,众多的设计参数给织构型摩擦副的设计带来难题[8],因此,表面织构的优化设计研究逐渐得到重视。同时,随着织构结构参数及分布参数的不断优化,织构性能明显提升,逐渐在轴承、机械密封、活塞环-缸套系统、切削刀具及表面织构仿生设计等工业领域得到应用[4,9-10]。鉴于表面织构对于摩擦学领域与表面工程领域的重要意义,结合织构的研究历程,本文分别从织构的润滑改善机理、优化设计和应用领域三个方面对表面织构的研究现状进行综述和分析,并对其未来发展方向进行展望。

  • 1 表面织构的润滑改善机理

  • 图1 所示为具有特定尺寸及分布的微凹坑或微凹槽阵列,在富油工况或混合润滑工况下,这些微凹坑或微凹槽阵列可以产生一个附加微动压,提高滑动表面的承载力;在贫油工况下,可以作为润滑剂储存器向摩擦副表面提供润滑油,同时可以容纳磨屑, 降低轴承、轴和磨屑的三体磨损[11-12]

  • 图1 表面织构形貌[5]

  • Fig.1 Surface texture morphology [5]

  • 1966年,HAMILTON等[13] 首次发现转轴端面密封的表面不规则凹坑可以产生额外的流体动压进而提高表面承载力,并通过试验提出织构处的局部空化可能是导致摩擦表面承载力提升的主要原因。 ANNO等[14]对上述局部空化理论进行验证,进一步证实了织构在端面密封及推力轴承等摩擦表面的润滑改善效果。随后,ETSION及其团队[15-16] 建立了用于预测具有表面织构的密封性能的数学模型,并在1996年发现织构孔径尺寸及孔径比的变化对织构性能有明显影响。如图2所示,GROPPER等[17] 统计了1966—2015年间关于表面织构的论文发表数量(如折线图所示) 及其研究方法(如饼状图所示)。从1996年起,随着ETSION及其团队对表面织构的研究成果逐渐得到关注,越来越多的学者意识到其润滑改善效果,关于表面织构的相关研究呈现出明显的上升趋势,且研究方法以理论研究为主, 试验研究为辅,表面织构的承载机理随之得到了深入研究。

  • 图2 1966—2015年间表面织构论文发表及研究方法统计[17]

  • Fig.2 Statistics of published papers and research methods of surface textures from 1966to 2015 [17]

  • 1.1 承载机理

  • 1.1.1 空化效应

  • 表面织构的附加承载性能被发现后,其空化效应首先引起了研究者的关注。 HAMILTON等[13] 通过透明转子试验观察了凹坑处的空化现象,并首次提出空化引起的不对称压力分布是织构承载的主要原因,织构入口处发散楔引起的负压下降受到空化压力限制,造成了压力分布的不对称。 QIU等[18-19] 提出适用于预测织构型平行摩擦副内的空化行为的模型,并通过试验研究了不同织构形状下工况参数对织构内空化现象的影响,发现摩擦副间的相对运动速度对织构内的空化现象有明显影响。 ZHANG等[20]指出空化区域随织构数目及织构尺寸的形态变化表明空化产生于织构的上游阶梯边,逐渐向下游阶梯边扩展,当运行条件稳定后,空化区域的形态和大小达到稳定。 MENG [21-22]研究了织构处的空化对表面摩擦因数及承载能力的影响,发现空化引起的摩擦表面空泡面积变化可以提高承载能力并降低表面摩擦力,且该变化受织构分布的影响。 BAI等[23]对织构型推力轴承的瞬态空化现象进行了试验研究,发现空化的形状和面积随织构尺寸的变化而变化,且空化区内的气泡在开始时随着运行时间的增加而增加,并逐渐达到稳定状态,即需要一个过渡阶段来达到平衡。

  • GROPPER等[17]总结了基于Reynolds方程的不同空化算法下单个织构上壁面的压力分布,如图3a所示。李强等[24] 基于计算流体力学方法对比了是否考虑空化及不同空化压力对织构承载性能的影响,如图3b所示,发现当不考虑空化时,织构的上壁面压力分布呈现出反对称分布,而考虑空化效应后,织构入口处的低压下降受到空化压力的限制,使得正压区面积大于负压区面积,织构产生承载力。

  • 图3 空化效应

  • Fig.3 Cavitation effect

  • 1.1.2 惯性效应

  • 常用的简化模型如雷诺方程或斯托克斯方程忽略了流体内部的惯性影响,随着Navier-Stokes (N-S)方程求解技术的快速发展,ARGHIR等[25]首次提出了织构的惯性效应,通过对比不同对流惯性下织构内部的压力产生效应,发现随着对流惯性的增大,所有的织构在平行壁面上都表现出净升力,这种净升力是由于织构存在和雷诺数增加的共同作用,是一个纯粹的惯性效应。 BILLY等[26]研究了高速条件下润滑介质的惯性效应对织构承载性能的影响,发现随着织构惯性效应的增强,织构上壁面承载力明显提升。 SAHLIN等[27] 对单个织构进行了二维流体力学分析,发现织构产生承载力主要是由流体惯性引起的,织构承载力随雷诺数的增大而提高,计算结果如图4所示。 FELDMAN等[28]数值分析了惯性效应在气体润滑的织构平行表面中的影响,发现当液膜厚度小于织构直径的3%时,惯性效应的影响可以忽略。随后,DOBRICA等[29-30]得出了与前述学者完全相反的结论,发现在一般情况下,特别是在最优织构分布情况下,惯性会产生负面影响,降低摩擦副的承载力,如图5所示。为此,CUPILLARD等[31] 指出存在一个临界深度值,对于高于临界值的深度,惯性对承载力产生负影响,而对低于临界值的深度, 惯性对承载能力产生正影响,在给定织构深度的情况下,这些影响会随着雷诺数的增加而放大。 KRAKER等[32]与SYED等[33]也得到了相似结论, 指出惯性效应对承载力的影响取决于织构内的局部流动情况。

  • 图4 Navier-Stokes方程和Stokes方程对圆柱几何上光滑壁面压力分布的比较[27]

  • Fig.4 Comparision between Navier-Stokes and Stokes solutions for pressure distribution on the upper smooth wall for the cylindrical geometry [27]

  • 图5 惯性效应的负影响[29]

  • Fig.5 Negative influence of inertia effect [29]

  • 1.1.3 其他效应

  • 除上述两种效应外,其他效应也逐渐被发现并提出,以更好地解释织构的承载机理。 TONDER等[34-36]提出织构内部压力产生的两个机理,首先, 提出织构区域以类似阶梯轴承的方式,在入口处提供了一个“虚拟台阶”;其次,织构区域作为一个润滑油逃逸的阻力因素,增加了压力产生区内可用的润滑油。 ETSION和HALPERIN [37-38] 提出织构对液膜的 “ 延缓破裂效应 ”。 OLVER和FOWELL [39]提出织构的润滑油“夹带与入口卷吸” 效应,滑动壁面在靠近织构入口处产生一个低于外部大气压力的亚环境压力,使更多的润滑剂被 “吸”进摩擦副内部。

  • 目前的织构承载机理多是基于层流流动进行分析,随着转子转速的提高以及水等低粘度润滑介质的应用,轴承间隙内的雷诺数逐渐增加,润滑流场发生由层流向湍流的转捩[39-40],而织构的存在使得局部结构不连续,进一步加剧了该趋势[41]。因此,湍流条件下,织构型摩擦副的承载机理仍需进一步研究。

  • 1.2 抗磨机理

  • 邓宝清等[42]对织构表面进行了摩擦磨损试验, 发现织构表面的抗磨损性能是光滑表面的四倍以上。 LEI等[43]认为表面织构的抗磨机理主要有两方面,一方面表面织构缩小了摩擦表面的直接接触面积,另一方面润滑剂因表面织构的摩擦运动被挤出或者扩散形成一层润滑膜,进一步减小了接触面积,且润滑剂与表面织构之间具有较大的热膨胀系数差,在高温条件下,较高热膨胀系数的润滑剂更易在织构之间的摩擦表面上形成润滑膜。 HU等[44]发现保留在织构中的润滑剂会转移到织构之间的摩擦表面,辅助保持润滑膜,虽然在较低织构密度下,润滑膜并未有效生成,导致摩擦表面严重磨损,但是在较高织构密度下,织构可有效地增加润滑剂的转移成膜效率,提高摩擦表面的抗磨性能。 HUA等[45] 对不同润滑状态下织构表面进行了摩擦磨损试验, 发现单个织构中润滑剂的含量形成了稳定的峰值, 且在织构之间的摩擦表面沿滑动方向上呈现梯度分布的现象,进而提高了润滑剂的二次润滑效果,增强了减摩抗磨能力。

  • 表面织构可以通过容纳磨屑来减轻摩擦表面的磨屑磨损,提高抗磨性能。 1984年,SAKA等[46] 发现磨粒受限于不平表面,减弱了其表面磨损效应,表面织构可以通过容纳摩擦表面的磨屑将其磨损影响降到最低[5]。 NEVES等[47] 通过试验对比织构型与光滑型钻头的抗磨性能得出了相同结论,发现表面织构的磨屑截留作用可有效提高摩擦表面的抗磨性能。 ENOMOTO等[48]在碳钢加工过程中,在切削刀具表面加工了四种不同形式的凹槽织构,发现这些织构截留了由于磨损而产生的磨粒,显著增强了切削刀具的抗磨性能。

  • 综上,表面织构的抗磨机理主要包括通过提高润滑剂转移成膜效率减小接触面积和通过容纳磨屑减小表面磨损两个方面。表面织构可保留润滑剂和磨屑并改变摩擦界面应力分布,进而提高润滑剂转移成膜效率、保存磨屑和减小摩擦表面的直接接触面积。

  • 但目前,对于表面织构的困屑能力和磨屑的反混现象之间的耦合作用机理还鲜有研究。另外, HUA等[45]指出干摩擦状态下织构内表面会发生塑性变形,且光滑型表面的摩擦因数低于织构型表面的摩擦因数,所以针对非干摩擦状态下,表面织构的变形和摩擦表面形成稳定润滑膜之间的耦合作用研究还需进一步开展。

  • 2 表面织构的优化设计

  • 2.1 织构形状及分布优化

  • 理论和试验研究均表明,织构可以有效改善摩擦表面的润滑性能,但不同织构的结构参数及分布参数会对其性能产生不同的影响,因此只有合理地设计表面织构才能保证织构化表面的最优摩擦学性能[6,49-50]。首先,研究者对不同的织构形状进行了对比分析,UDDIN等[51] 比较了圆形、矩形、椭圆形等不同织构形状对摩擦副润滑性能的影响,发现矩形织构型滑动摩擦副摩擦因数最低,润滑性能最优。 GHERCA等[6] 和尹明虎等[52] 也得出了相同的结论。随着织构形状优化的深入,逐渐有学者提出非规则形状的织构。 GALDA等[53] 研究发现长滴状表面织构与规则形状的表面织构相比,可以更好地降低摩擦因数或提高承载力。 ZHANG等[54] 指出与规则圆形织构相比,子弹形织构或鱼形织构具有更低的摩擦因数。 SHEN等[55] 采用序列二次规划的优化算法,从任意织构形状出发,改变织构形状的设计变量,探究了单向滑动和双向滑动情况下的最优织构形状参数,研究结果表明,单向运动时前沿平坦的人字形结构(如图6a所示) 可获得较高的承载力, 双向运动时成对的梯形结构(如图6b所示)可获得较高的承载力。而如图7a所示的形状复合织构或凹凸复合织构[56] 及图7b所示的矩形-半圆形双层织构[3]的提出进一步改善了摩擦表面的润滑性能, 但同时使织构形状越发复杂。

  • 图6 织构的任意形状优化[55]

  • Fig.6 Arbitrary shape optimization of texture [55]

  • 图7 复合式织构及双层织构

  • Fig.7 Composite textures and double textures

  • 在最优织构形状的基础上,合理的织构分布可以有效改善其摩擦学性能[57-58]。 PAPADOPOULOS等[59]和ZHANG等[60] 提出局部织构分布比完全织构分布具有更好的润滑性能。 MARIAN等[61] 分析了织构型推力轴承的最优织构分布覆盖率,发现使承载能力最大化的最佳织构覆盖率在周向和径向分别为0.5和0.9~1。在该领域现有的研究中,典型的织构分布主要为线性阵列分布、方形阵列分布及环形阵列分布[62]。鉴于此,探索新的织构分布引起了研究者的关注。 ZHANG [63] 等对扇形推力轴承上的圆形织构分布进行了优化设计,发现在轴承入口处非对称三角形或梯形织构分布可以增强织构的微动压效应,从而有效提高承载力并降低摩擦因数。王劲孚等[64]分析了不同排布方式下表面织构的润滑性能,不同排布方式如图8所示,图8a中微织构x、y方向排列间距相同,图8b中微织构x方向的排列间距小于y方向的排列间距,图8c中微织构y方向的排列间距小于x方向的排列间距,图8d中微织构为交错排布,研究发现,图8d中的交错排布的表面微织构具有最高的承载能力,微织构之间存在最优间距,使其所产生微动压效应发挥得最充分。 CHEN等[65]研究了织构形状和织构排列对润滑性能的影响,并比较了织构不规则排列和规则排列情况下流体力学性能,研究表明,表面织构的流体动压性能极大程度地受到相邻织构的影响,特别是对于织构不规则排列的情况。但目前的织构分布优化多局限于给定分布情况下织构化表面的对比,而以优化算法为基础的织构随机分布优化还鲜有文献涉及。

  • 图8 不同织构排列方式[64]

  • Fig.8 Different texture distributions [64]

  • 2.2 织构的优化设计算法

  • 众多的设计参数给织构型摩擦副的设计带来难题,因此多参数协同优化设计逐渐成为解决该问题的主要方法。目前,优化算法已经成功应用于各种工程优化工作中,是获得优化织构形式的有效手段[66]。 ZHANG等[67]采用遗传算法(GA)对表面织构形状进行优化, 以实现往复运动中的低摩擦。 SHEN等[68]采用序列二次规划(SQP)算法对复杂织构轮廓进行优化,得到了能产生最低摩擦因数的最优形状。 CHEN [69]等基于田口算法对织构型动压径向轴承的非对称人字形沟槽进行了优化设计。 GA和SQP两种优化算法单独使用时会存在部分缺陷, 但两者的混合算法是全局搜索和局部搜索串联结合,具有很强的寻优能力,能更好地完成表面织构的优化设计[70]。张永芳等[71] 基于两者的混合算法对球形织构的结构参数进行优化设计,得到了使径向滑动轴承承载力最大的最优的织构角度和最大深度。 WANG等[72] 基于GA-SQP混合算法获得了表面织构的全局最优轮廓,两种混合方法优化的沟槽织构可以有效降低试样的摩擦因数。

  • 对于具有多个矛盾性能参数的表面织构优化问题,单目标优化常常不能获得较优的综合性能,一个性能的改善可能会对另一性能产生负面影响。因此有学者以多个性能为目标,对表面织构参数进行优化设计[72-75]。 WANG等[76] 以最高承载力和最低泄漏率为目标,采用非支配排序遗传算法对气体端面密封的表面织构进行了优化,发现优化后形状在承载力和泄漏方面的性能均显著提高。 FU和UNTAROIU [77]采用相同的方法对表面织构的结构参数进行了多目标优化,优化后的结构在提高承载力的同时有效抑制了温升。 SHINDE等[78] 基于田口算法研究了不同织构参数对轴承性能的影响,并通过灰色关联分析,得到了使承载力最大、摩擦力最小的最优参数组合。 HINGAWE等[79] 采用基于中心组合设计和灰色关联分析相结合的多目标优化方法对织构参数进行优化设计。王玉君等[80] 建立了基于响应曲面法与非支配排序遗传算法的优化体系,以承载力最高和摩擦力最低为目标对织构设计参数进行多目标协同优化,结果表明优化后滑动摩擦副润滑性能明显提高。 CODRIGNANI等[81] 基于伴随方法对织构轮廓进行了优化设计,伴随方法可以更有效地逐点优化整个间隙高度分布,以获得最优的润滑性能。

  • 综上,尽管优化算法已经在织构的设计中得到广泛重视,但目前织构优化多是针对单个单层织构进行任意形状优化,而复合织构及多层织构情况下的形状优化还需要进一步研究,且考虑织构间相互作用时,织构的随机分布优化还尚未实现。同时,尽管目前应用于织构设计的优化算法已有很多,但不同优化方法下的研究结果仍有一定的偏差,还尚未形成系统性的表面织构设计方法和理论。

  • 3 表面织构的应用

  • 3.1 转子-轴承系统领域的应用

  • 在转子-轴承系统的应用领域,研究者常常在转子或者轴承表面加工织构以改善摩擦性能并降低系统温升。计算模型的研究方面,KANGO等[82] 对织构型滑动轴承润滑模型进行了热分析,发现微织构的存在使润滑剂的平均温度降低。 PEI等[83] 建立了浮环轴承的热流体动力学(THD)模型,研究了表面织构对轴承环性能的影响,发现表面织构提高了浮环轴承的局部压力,降低了浮环轴承的温升,表面织构对内圈油膜的影响程度大于外圈油膜。针对球形表面织构的双油叶轴承,SINGH等[84]利用雷诺方程计算发现了在流体润滑状态下,织构的存在引起了油膜厚度的增加并提高了轴承的承载力。 MANSER等[85]基于有限差分格式和JFO边界条件的质量守恒算法研究了表面织构与转子不对中联合作用下的滑动轴承的特性,发现空化区的表面织构产生的微动压可以补偿转子不对中造成的性能损失。

  • 在试验研究方面,GALDA等[86] 研究了转子在启停过程中的转子-轴承系统的摩擦因数、摩擦扭矩以及润滑状态转变,如图9a所示为带有织构的转子表面,图9b所示为带有织构的轴承表面,研究结果表明,转子减速运行期间,表面织构的存在增加了流体润滑状态的持续时间,受益于此,由流体润滑状态至混合润滑状态转变时的转子转速更低,而且试验结果表明,转子在启停过程中,不管是带有织构的转子表面与光滑轴承组合的系统,还是带有织构的轴承与光滑转子组合的系统,织构都能减小摩擦,且在不同的速度和载荷下有效延长摩擦面的润滑状态[87]。在转子-轴承系统工作过程中,润滑油容易掺入灰尘、外来颗粒以及磨损碎屑等,使润滑油被污染,DADOUCHE和CONLON [88] 向润滑油中注入不同尺度的外部粉尘颗粒来模拟被污染的润滑油,通过转子-轴承润滑试验发现,面密度为15%的表面织构可以有效捕获被污染的润滑油中的颗粒,这有助于提升轴承的耐污染性能。毛亚洲等[89] 对表面织构的动压滑动轴承进行摩擦磨损试验,结果表明, 表面织构可以将动压滑动轴承耐磨性能提高23%。 VLǍDESCU等[90]研究了激光蚀刻的表面织构对内燃机中曲轴轴承摩擦性能影响,发现应用表面织构之后,轴瓦的摩擦损耗下降了18%。 CHEN等[91] 通过试验研究了微织构的密度、深度和分布对轴承振动和稳定性的综合影响,发现微织构存在一个最佳的几何尺寸和分布范围,且在该范围内的振动加速度可降低至少3dB, 稳定性明显提高。 ZHONG等[92]研究了表面织构钻头轴承处于低速,重载和高转速的工况下的抗磨情况,发现具有合适参数的圆柱、椭圆和V形织构可以显著减少钻头轴承的磨损并改善其润滑性能。通过转子-轴承系统的模型计算和试验研究可发现,润滑油对转子产生的承载力、摩擦力、温升等性能都受表面织构参数的影响。在一定操作条件下,表面织构可以降低转子与轴承之间的摩擦因数和温升,保持润滑状态,提高承载力、稳定性、抗磨性能以及轴承的耐污染性能,但是织构最佳参数的优化需要经过大量的模型计算和试验验证。

  • 图9 织构型转子与织构型轴承[86]

  • Fig.9 Textured shaft and bearing [86]

  • 3.2 机械密封领域的应用

  • 表面织构产生的附加流体动压效应可有效控制机械密封的泄漏率并降低摩擦,使其在机械密封领域得到广泛应用。 ETSION和BURSTEIN [16] 首次建立了微半球织构机械密封的理论模型,并利用此模型发现表面织构可以显著提升机械密封的密封性能。在此基础上,BAI等[93] 利用激光加工技术制造了椭圆柱状织构机械密封面,发现一定倾角的椭圆柱状织构可以显著提高开启力并降低泄漏率。利用MUIJDERMAN提出的微沟槽理论[94], HA和LEE [95]提出三控制体理论,建立了环向槽密封的理论模型,从转子动力学的角度来看,沟槽密封可以很好地降低泄漏率和提高稳定性。针对沟槽织构,戴庆文等[96]研究发现V型沟槽织构具有较优的减摩和抑制泄漏的效果。 SHI等[97] 在相同的密封条件下,比较了圆柱、椭圆柱形状的织构与闭合、非闭合微沟槽型织构对机械密封承载能力的影响。 MA等[98]通过试验比较了凹坑直径沿径向变化时密封面的摩擦性能,图10a所示为凹坑的直径沿径向变化的密封面,图10b所示为凹坑直径沿径向不变的密封面,研究发现在一定转速和载荷条件下,凹坑直径由内向外变大的密封面的摩擦因数最小。但是由于密封面的种类和数量有限,还无法确定凹坑直径沿径向变化的最优值。 ADJEMOUT等[99] 以最高承载力为目标,利用数值优化方法得到了最优的密封面的织构,并研究了织构形状对机械密封的影响,强调了控制实际加工的织构形状对机械密封的重要性。 SHI等[100]研究了微槽与微凹坑的织构形状对于表面摩擦因数和机械密封泄漏率的影响,发现以 α=45°穿过转子环内径的微槽织构可以获得相对较低的表面摩擦因数和机械密封的泄漏率。不同的操作条件下,不同的织构形状和分布参数对密封面的密封和减摩效果是不同的。同时,以低泄漏率、低摩擦力和高承载力为目标的织构参数的优化设计体系还需进一步研究。

  • 图10 织构型密封面[98]

  • Fig.10 Textured sealing surface [98]

  • 3.3 其他领域的应用

  • 内燃机的摩擦损耗占燃料消耗的4%~15%,缸套和活塞环之间的摩擦接触是这些损失的主要来源之一[101],缸套表面形成的表面织构能够在接触面上容纳润滑油和磨屑,从而减小表面摩擦损失,提高使用寿命[17]。研究者通过计算模型分析和试验测试研究了表面织构的形状、分布等参数对活塞环缸套系统摩擦副的减摩耐磨的影响。除此之外,表面织构与表面涂层结合对活塞环-缸套系统也具有的协同润滑作用[102]。针对活塞环-缸套系统, ATULKAR等[103] 建立了考虑空化效应的计算模型, 分析发现活塞环的表面织构提高了润滑流体的动压,减小了活塞环与缸套之间的接触面积。 USMAN等[104]建立计算模型分析了非圆形缸套织构对摩擦性能的影响,结果表明,织构有利于增大最小油膜厚度,减小摩擦功耗。 RYK等[105]通过试验对比发现, 活塞环中表面织构的存在使得活塞环-缸套系统表面的摩擦损耗降低了25%。苗嘉智等[106] 利用往复式摩擦磨损试验机研究了微凹坑织构在不同工况下的摩擦性能和对内燃机缸套-活塞环摩擦副摩擦性能的影响。江仁埔[107] 等采用自制的缸套-活塞环摩擦磨损试验机进行模拟试验,研究了螺纹槽对活塞环-缸套系统表面摩擦副的工作性能的影响。 MIAO等[108]发现活塞环上的凹坑织构供给润滑剂的效果强于缸套上的沟槽织构,但是抗磨性的增强效果弱于沟槽织构。 MISHRA和RAMKUMAR [109] 利用激光加工技术在活塞环表面制作高精度尺寸的织构,发现即使润滑油中存在化学添加剂,织构的动压效应也有助于活塞环-缸套系统的润滑性能改善。 YIN等[110] 利用数值模拟与试验验证相结合的方法对比分析了缸套表面织构不同排列方式的影响,发现在正方形排列方式下的凹坑织构可以形成较为均匀的润滑膜,且这种排列方式的抗磨性能最佳。目前对织构的研究主要采用计算模型分析和试验研究两种方法,但考虑到简化的计算模型和受限的织构加工技术,两种方法得到结果的相互验证性还需进一步提高。

  • 利用表面织构的储屑作用,将表面织构应用于高速切削刀具可以减小刀具切削力和切屑的粘附力,增加刀具的耐磨性和使用寿命。 KAWASEGI等[111]利用激光加工技术在刀具表面加工出微沟槽,发现当沟槽方向垂直于切屑流动方向时,可以获得较低的切削力。 ARULKIRUBAKARAN等[112] 利用电火花加工技术对刀具表面进行织构化处理,同样发现织构与切屑流动方向垂直的刀具的切削力、温升和磨损都有较大程度的降低。 SINGH等[113] 利用电火花加工技术加工了高速钢表面织构,有效降低了切削刀具在低速时的切削力。表面织构应用于钻头刀具可以降低切屑的黏附力和摩擦力, SUGIHARA等[114]在铣削加工试验中发现,刀具的带状表面织构可以降低切屑的粘附力和摩擦力。 LING等[115]沿刀具棱边加工出带状表面织构,如图11a所示为织构面积覆盖率10%(与刀具棱边面积相比),图11b所示为织构面积覆盖率20%。通过试验研究发现经表面织构处理过的刀具,其寿命显著增加,切屑粘附力减小。但是关于切削刀具和铣削刀具表面织构的储屑能力和切屑反混之间的耦合作用目前还鲜有涉及,有待深入研究。

  • 图11 经表面织构处理过的刀具[115]

  • Fig.11 Cutting tool with surface texture treatment [115]

  • 另外,受自然界中表面非光滑微结构(如图12所示)原理的启发,研究者对表面织构进行仿生设计以提升装备性能[116]。秦立果等[117] 基于海豚、鲨鱼的柔性皮肤能快速游动的减阻原理,在船舶防污涂层上引入表面织构,以减少船舶运行过程中的阻力。基于蚯蚓头部的沟槽织构,缪晨炜等[118] 从摩擦因数、磨损量、表面形貌、能量损耗、SEM、元素分布等方面分析了多种梯度变化的沟槽织构的表面摩擦性能和机理。 WU等[119] 通过试验方法探索了具有精细捕水结构的毛刺鱼鳞片仿生表面的减阻特性。但是目前的表面织构研究还多是围绕规则形状及分布进行研究,仿生表面织构的随机性及自然界生物自身分泌的活性物质,使得织构的仿生设计需要考虑流体力学、材料力学及生物学等多方面的耦合因素,进而极大地增大了织构仿生设计的难度。

  • 图12 自然界中的仿生表面织构[117]

  • Fig.12 Bionic surface texture in nature [117]

  • 综上,表面织构技术已被证实在转子-轴承系统、机械密封、活塞环-缸套系统润滑、切削刀具及仿生设计等领域可以极大地改善表面摩擦性能,表1总结了表面织构的应用领域。但由于表面织构设计方法和理论缺乏系统性,目前表面织构大多还局限于理论与试验研究阶段,尚未实现大规模、成熟的工业应用。但是随着织构承载机理和抗磨机理的不断揭示、织构优化体系关键技术的不断完善以及织构在不同领域应用研究的不断深入,有望逐渐形成以“机理-优化-应用”为思路的织构理论与设计体系,为实现表面织构的工业应用提供参考。

  • 4 结论与展望

  • 表面织构技术作为提高表面润滑性能和节能降耗的有效途径,是目前摩擦学领域与表面工程领域的研究热点。本文结合表面织构的研究历程,分别从织构的润滑机理、优化设计和应用领域三个方面对表面织构的研究现状进行综述和分析。在织构承载机理方面,揭示了表面织构主要通过空化效应、惯性效应、延缓油膜破裂效应及入口卷吸效应等提高滑动表面的承载力,进而改善织构化表面的润滑性能。表面织构的抗磨机理主要包括提高润滑剂转移成膜效率和容纳磨屑两个方面。随着优化算法在织构的设计方面得到广泛重视,目前织构的优化设计多是针对单个单层织构进行任意形状优化,或给定约束条件及设计范围下进行织构优化。而随着织构性能参数的不断优化,表面织构技术逐渐在轴承、机械密封、活塞环-缸套系统、切削刀具及仿生设计等领域得到应用,但由于表面织构设计方法和理论缺乏系统性,目前表面织构还局限于理论与试验研究阶段,尚未实现大规模、成熟的工业应用。因此,针对上述问题,本文从以下几个方面进行展望:

  • 表1 表面织构的应用领域

  • Table1 Areas/Fields in application of textured surfaces

  • (1) 准确高效的数值模型是织构型摩擦副的设计与应用的基础,目前的织构承载机理研究多是基于层流流动和动压润滑进行分析。随着织构化表面应用范围的不断拓宽,织构在重载条件或非金属接触副的变形计算、高速或低粘度介质润滑时织构处的湍流承载机理等需要进一步研究。同时,织构的抗磨机理方面多是针对织构的转移成膜效率和困屑能力展开研究,但织构的困屑能力和磨屑反混之间的耦合作用、干/湿摩擦状态下织构的变形和摩擦表面润滑膜形成之间的相互影响规律仍有待深入研究。

  • (2) 作为解决织构型摩擦副的多参数设计的主要手段,多目标协同优化技术在复合织构及多层织构优化中的应用还有待进一步研究,且考虑织构间相互作用前提下,织构的随机分布优化尚未实现。同时,尽管目前应用于织构设计的优化算法已有很多,但不同优化方法下的计算结果仍有一定的偏差, 目前还尚未形成系统性的表面织构设计方法和理论,亟需进一步研究,以便与高端装备设计开发中的模型系统工程进行融合。

  • (3) 众多自然生物表面固有的优良减摩耐磨性能,是表面织构研究领域值得持续关注的方向之一。仿生表面织构的随机性及自然界生物自身分泌的活性物质,使得织构的仿生设计需要考虑流体力学、材料力学及生物学等多方面的耦合因素,极大地增大了织构仿生设计的难度,需要进一步深入探究。

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