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作者简介:

张志彬,男,1982年出生,博士,助理研究员。主要研究方向为高熵合金的设计与应用。E-mail:eacbia@163.com;

张舒研,男,1993年出生,博士研究生。主要研究方向为海洋技术与海洋工程材料。E-mail:zsy19930524@sina.com;

梁秀兵(通信作者),男,1974年出生,博士,研究员,博士研究生导师。主要研究方向为极端环境新型防护材料。E-mail:liangxb_d@163.com

中图分类号:TG146

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20210512001

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目录contents

    摘要

    高熵合金被视为是近年来合金化理论的一次创新,打破了传统合金以一种或两种金属元素为主元的设计理念,将合金设计体系扩展到以五种及以上元素为主元的领域,由于能够组成高熵合金的元素种类繁多且含量可调,所以具有巨大的开发潜力。 激光熔覆技术作为一种先进的新型材料表面改性技术与装备维修技术,与高熵合金结合,可为该合金材料的应用开辟出新的空间。 通过对现有研究梳理,归纳总结激光熔覆高熵合金涂层的耐腐蚀性能、硬度与摩擦磨损性能以及抗高温氧化性能的性能强化机理;概括分析常见高熵合金的组成元素及其含量变化,对激光熔覆技术制备合金涂层组织结构和性能的影响,为高熵合金涂层组元的选取提供借鉴参考。 最后指出激光熔覆高熵合金涂层在当前研究中的不足与仍需深入研究的问题,展望了高熵合金的应用前景与未来的研究方向。 系统梳理 Al、Ti、Nb、Mo、Ni、Si、B、C 等合金化元素对激光熔覆技术制备高熵合金涂层组织结构和性能的影响规律和作用效果,为激光熔覆高熵合金涂层的合金分成设计提供理论指导。

    Abstract

    High entropy alloys are regarded as an innovation of alloying theory. They break the traditional design concept of alloy with one or two metal elements as components, and extend the alloy design system to the field with five or more elements as components. High entropy alloys have great potential for development because of the variety and adjustable content of elements. The coatings prepared by laser cladding can be seen as an advanced new material surface modification and equipment maintenance technology. The combination of laser cladding technology and high entropy alloys opens up a new area for its application. Based on the analysis of the existing research foundation, the strengthening mechanism of corrosion resistance, hardness, friction and wear resistance and high-temperature oxidation resistance properties of high entropy alloy coatings using laser cladding were summarized. The influence of common high entropy alloy elements and content changes on the microstructure and properties of alloy coatings prepared by laser cladding were analyzed generally. It is hoped to provide reference for the composition selection of high entropy alloy coatings. In the end, the shortcomings of laser-cladedd high entropy alloy coatings in the current researches and the problems that need to be further studied were pointed out. The application prospects and future research directions of high entropy alloys were prospected. Herein, the effects of Al, Ti, Nb, Mo, Ni, Si, B and C elements on the microstructure and properties of high entropy alloy coatings prepared by laser cladding technology were systematically reviewed, looking forward to offering theoretical guidance for the design of laser-cladded high entropy alloy coatings.

  • 0 前言

  • 高熵合金是近年来材料科学发展的新兴热点之一,从热力学“熵”的角度突破了传统合金材料以单一组元或双组元的设计理念,有望突破传统合金材料的性能极限[1]。因其具有“高混合熵”的特点,同时受到晶格畸变效应、迟滞扩散效应以及性能上的 “鸡尾酒”效应共同影响,所以普遍具有比传统合金更为优异的力学性能、耐腐蚀性能、摩擦磨损性能以及其他功能特性等[2-4]

  • 激光熔覆技术是20世纪70年代随着大功率激光器的开发而逐渐发展起来的一种先进的新型材料表面改性技术[5]。该项技术具有能量密度高、冷却速度快(10 4~10 6 K/s)、可控性好、稀释率低(<5%) 且对基体的热影响小等特点,所以相比热喷涂技术制备涂层而言,应用此工艺制备出的涂层能与基体材料完全冶金结合,获得的组织结构更为均匀致密, 微观缺陷也更少[6-8]。因此激光熔覆技术也成为国家绿色再制造技术的重要支撑技术之一。目前,激光熔覆技术主要用于制备锆基、镍基、铁基合金涂层以及添加陶瓷颗粒增强的合金涂层。而利用该技术制备高熵合金涂层的研究不足十年,主要聚焦于涂层的组织结构、性能特点以及合金涂层中一些元素含量的变化对涂层的微观结构与综合性能(如力学、耐腐蚀、摩擦磨损等)的影响规律等。

  • 采用激光熔覆技术制备得到了综合性能突出的高熵合金涂层,大大拓宽了高熵合金材料的应用范围。合金化是优化合金性能的主要方式之一,通过调整合金体系中某一元素的含量或添加少量其他合金化元素(如Al、Mo、V、Ti、Ni、Cu、B、Si等),研究合金化对合金涂层组织结构与性能的影响规律,也是该领域的主要研究内容之一[9]。鉴于此,本文重点梳理了激光熔覆高熵合金涂层的性能强化机理;分析了常见合金组元对激光熔覆技术制备高熵合金涂层组织结构与性能的影响;最后,指出该领域下存在的待解决问题,并展望了高熵合金涂层的应用前景与未来的研究方向,希望为获得综合性能突出的高熵合金涂层以及合金组元的选取提供参考。

  • 1 激光熔覆高熵合金涂层性能强化及其机理分析

  • 1.1 耐腐蚀性能

  • 材料的腐蚀会加速其使用过程中的失效,进而威胁到材料的安全服役,造成重大经济损失。在当今加快建设海洋强国的背景下,面对日益极端苛刻的海洋环境,了解材料腐蚀行为,延长大型装备使用寿命,开发新型具有强抗腐蚀能力的金属结构材料正当其时。激光熔覆高熵合金涂层耐蚀机理可以概括为以下三点:

  • (1) 高熵合金的性能主要是由多种主元共同决定的。因为高熵合金存在热力学上的高熵效应,高混合熵会有利于随机互溶固溶体的形成,在增加合金系混乱程度的同时,降低合金原子有序化和偏析的倾向,增进合金组元间的相溶性,因此相比传统合金而言,高熵合金更易形成单一的固溶相或非晶组织[10-11]。进一步地,通过减少电偶腐蚀作用与微电池数量,提高高熵合金涂层的耐腐蚀性能。

  • (2) 在合金中添加适量的强耐蚀性元素或可自发形成钝化膜的金属元素(如Cr、Nb、Ni、Al、Mo、Co和Cu等)有利于在高熵合金涂层表面形成钝化膜, 进而对基体起到保护作用。通常,在高浓度的氧化性酸中(如盐酸、硫酸、硝酸等),上述元素易被氧化形成致密的氧化膜 ( 如Al2O3、 Cr2O3、 NiO、 MoO3 等),可以降低腐蚀速率[12]。而在碱性溶液中,合金表面的耐蚀性元素可与溶液中OH- 离子形成难溶的氢氧化物[13],类似地也会形成一层致密的钝化膜 (如Al(OH)3、Cu(OH)2 等),有效抑制电化学反应的发生,从而提高高熵合金涂层的耐蚀性能。

  • (3) 相比超音速火焰喷涂与高速电弧喷涂等热喷涂工艺制备涂层而言,通过激光熔覆技术制备的高熵合金涂层对基体热影响较小,可获得更加细小均匀的显微组织, 成分偏析度与孔隙率也更小[14-15]。因此,利用该技术制备出的高熵合金涂层普遍具有优异的耐腐蚀性能。

  • 1.2 硬度与摩擦磨损性能

  • 涂层的硬度与摩擦磨损性能不仅和制备工艺有关,而且与合金组元、涂层的微观形貌以及相结构紧密相连。激光熔覆技术具有快速熔化和凝固的特点,所以该工艺制备的高熵合金涂层可以看作一个非平衡凝固过程,因此有利于避免合金在凝固过程中出现成分偏析,得到均匀细化的凝固组织[16-18]。此外,该工艺制备的涂覆层往往会形成面心立方结构 ( Faced-centered cubic, FCC)、体心立方结构 (Body-centered cubic, BCC)、Laves相结构以及非晶组织,其中BCC相的硬度普遍比FCC相高,而在基体表面生成的硬质Laves相可起到第二相强化的作用,非晶组织自身具有高强高硬和良好的耐磨性能等特点,这些相结构均可使涂层的硬度与摩擦磨损性能得到提升。

  • 目前研究发现,通过调整合金成分配比、添加少量合金化元素(如Cu、Mo、Ni、Ti、V、Al等)及优化热处理与熔炼方式等也能促进涂层的硬度与摩擦磨损性能得到提升[19-20]。因为高熵合金具有“多组元” 的特点,各种元素的原子在晶体中随机占位,所以在高熵合金固溶体相中很难区分溶质与溶剂原子。由于组成高熵合金的元素原子尺寸各有差异,所以能够通过加剧晶格畸变效应阻碍位错运动,增大微观应力,降低原子扩散速率,进而提升合金的硬度与强度。一般而言,组成高熵合金的组元不同,其相结构与合金的综合性能也具有显著差异,所以在设计高熵合金的时候,需要结合预期性能合理选择合金组元。表1总结了高熵合金涂层常用元素的密度、原子半径、电负性、价电子浓度、熔点以及晶体结构等[2,21]

  • 表1 高熵合金常用元素的基本理化参数[2, 21]

  • Table1 Basic characteristic parameters of several common elements used in high entropy alloys [2, 21]

  • Notes: fcc means the faced centered cubic, bcc means the body-centered cubic, hcp means the hexagonal close-packed, sc means the simple cubic.

  • 1.3 抗高温氧化化性能

  • 提高高熵合金涂层的抗高温氧化性能主要依靠添加高温保护性元素(如Ti、Si、Al、Cr等),能够有效防止氧元素扩散并生成致密的氧化膜( 如TiO2、SiO2、Al2O3、Cr2O3),从而使高熵合金涂层的抗高温氧化性能增强[22]。有研究表明,相对于等离子喷涂制备合金涂层,因为激光熔覆制备的合金涂层结构更致密,所以其抗高温氧化性能更为优异[23]。合金涂层同时具有高熵效应与激光熔覆快速凝固的工艺特点,使固溶体的原子在高温条件下难以扩散,抑制其移动或转移,最大程度地保持原有相结构,所以也同时具有良好的抗高温软化性能。

  • 工业上,一般将金属元素按密度不同划分为轻金属(ρ<4.5g/cm 3)与重金属元素(ρ>4.5g/cm 3) [24]。考虑到常见高熵合金的组成元素与其主要作用差别较大,故本文主要按照轻金属、重金属、非金属元素( Si、B与C等) 及其含量变化对激光熔覆高熵合金涂层的组织结构与综合性能的影响进行归纳梳理。

  • 2 轻金属元素及其含量变化对高熵合金涂层的影响

  • 2.1 Al元素的影响

  • 铝在地壳中储量丰度可达8.2%,居所有金属元素首位;同时相比于FeCoNi基高熵合金来说,Al的原子半径较大,加入合金中可以加剧晶格畸变, 明显增强固溶强化效果,提升合金的硬度与强韧性。此外,Al在电化学腐蚀过程中能在涂层表面生成Al(OH) 3 并形成致密的钝化膜,可有效抑制Cl-进入基体内部而参与极化反应,通过减缓腐蚀速度来提高合金涂层的耐腐蚀性能。 SHA等[25] 利用激光熔覆技术研究了Al xCoCrFe2.7MoNi ( x =0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, x 为摩尔分数,下同)高熵合金涂层的组织与综合性能,发现随着Al元素的添加, 先由BCC1相+FCC相转变为BCC1相+BCC2相, 当Al含量进一步增加时,相结构会转变为BCC2相+ σ 相。由于BCC相的增多,高熵合金涂层的硬度也随之增加,Al2.0CoCrFe2.7MoNi激光熔覆高熵合金涂层的硬度最高可达1 142HV;但是其自腐蚀电流密度随Al含量增加呈现先降低后升高的趋势(如图1所示),Al1.0CoCrFe2.7MoNi涂层耐腐蚀性能最佳。

  • 图1 Al xCoCrFe2.7MoNi (x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2)高熵合金涂层在3.5wt.%NaCl溶液中的极化曲线[25]

  • Fig.1 Polarization curves of Al xCoCrFe2.7MoNi (x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) coatings in a3.5wt.%NaCl solution [25]

  • LI等[26]采取激光熔覆工艺在5083铝合金基体上制备了Al xCrFeCoNiCu ( x=0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8)高熵合金涂层,研究发现随着Al含量的增加,合金相结构从FCC1相逐渐变为BCC1 + BCC2 + FCC2相,当 x=0逐渐递增到 x=1.8时,高熵合金涂层的硬度从215HV0.2 增长到661HV0.2, 均高于基体的硬度, 其中Al1.5CrFeCoNiCu涂层的耐磨性最好,磨损机理为磨粒磨损和轻度粘着磨损,磨损率为6.6×10-7mm 3/Nm, 仅为基体的0.19%。通过在3.5wt.%NaCl溶液中进行电化学腐蚀试验发现,腐蚀电流密度随着Al的添加先降低后升高,Al 0.8CrFeCoNiCu高熵合金涂层的耐腐蚀性能最佳,因而对铝合金表面性能的改善效果最好。 GU等[27] 也发现在Al xMo0.5NbFeTiMn2 (x=1, 1.5, 2)激光熔覆高熵合金涂层中添加适量的Al元素可以使涂层的硬度达到基体硬度的5倍, 其磨损表面更光滑平整且体积磨损率也更低。鲍亚运等[28]采用激光熔覆工艺在Q345钢表面制备了FeCrNiCoCuAl x(x=0, 1, 2, 3)高熵合金涂层。研究发现,随着Al含量的增加,涂层由BCC相+FCC相逐渐变为完全的BCC相, 涂层硬度最高可达580HV。类似地,其自腐蚀电流密度亦呈现先降低后升高;当 x=1时,FeCrNiCoCuAl高熵合金涂层的耐腐蚀性能是四种不同Al含量涂层中最佳的。此外,随着制造业蓬勃发展,大型机械与高速机床的广泛使用使得干切削技术的研究逐渐深入。张彝等[29] 通过激光熔覆技术在Q235钢基体上制备Al xNbMn2FeMoTi 0.5(x=1, 1.5, 2)高熵合金涂层,期望通过此方法提高切割刀具的表面性能(如硬度、耐磨损性能和耐腐蚀性能等)。研究发现,随着Al含量增加, 晶粒得到细化并且涂层硬度提高, Al2NbMn2FeMoTi 0.5 激光熔覆高熵合金涂层的硬度最高,均值可达1 089.6HV0.3,约为基材的5倍;同时涂层的相结构由单相BCC结构转变为两相BCC结构,且适量Al的添加导致了晶格畸变并使Ni的扩散能力增强,因而有助于提升涂层的耐腐蚀性能, Al1.5NbMn2FeMoTi 0.5 合金涂层的自腐蚀电位最高可达-0.308V, 自腐蚀电流密度最小为4.198 × 10-5μA/m 2

  • 近年来,我国航空航天事业蓬勃发展,对高温部件的使用量与需求愈显突出,因此开发高熵合金在高温领域的应用也势在必行。郑必举等[30] 利用CO2 激光熔覆技术在AISI 1045钢基底上制备了该涂层,并研究了其显微组织与耐磨性能,得到了类似的结论。同时,其课题组又选择以45#钢为基底,采用相同工艺研究了Al xCrFeCoCuNi ( x=0.5, 2, 4) 高熵合金涂层的抗氧化性能[31]。研究发现,由于高熵效应更易使多主元合金形成简单的固溶体结构, 所以当 x=4时,合金呈现单一的BCC相结构。在900℃自然对流空气中进行等温氧化试验,发现合金表面生成的Al2O3 和Cr2O3 氧化膜会随着Al的增加而变厚,因此Al4CrFeCoCuNi高熵合金涂层具有最好的抗氧化性能。

  • 刘建儒[32] 采用真空电弧熔炼法制备了CoCrFeNiTiAl x(x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2) 块体高熵合金,并以45#钢为基体,通过激光熔覆技术制备了涂层。研究发现,随着Al含量增加,合金相结构从FCC相逐渐变为BCC相;当 x=0与 x=2时,合金为均匀的单相组织,其他合金呈现树枝晶结构。合金的平均摩擦因数随Al的增加先减小后增大,CoCrFeNiTiAl 0.5 的平均摩擦因数最小为0.285 4。张丽等[33] 采用激光熔覆法制备了Al xCoCrFeNiTi 0.5(x=0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5)高熵合金涂层,研究发现,随着Al含量增加,BCC相逐渐增多且有Al80Cr13Co7 和Al95Fe4Cr复杂相生成。当 x=1时,出现典型的调幅分解组织,其硬度最高可达989HV0.5。马明星等[34]研究了Al含量对激光熔覆Al xCoCrNiMo (x=1, 1.5, 2, 2.5)高熵合金涂层的影响,研究发现,随着Al含量的增加,涂层成形质量变差,Al2.5CoCrNiMo高熵合金涂层存在多道贯穿裂纹,但四种涂层的平均显微硬度均在950HV0.2 以上。周芳等[35] 研究了Al添加对激光熔覆MoFeCrTiW高熵合金涂层组织和性能的影响,发现Al的添加可抑制金属间化合物的形成并细化涂层组织,MoFeCrTiWAl高熵合金涂层组织为细小树枝晶,但使涂层的耐磨性降低。因为高熔点的 α-Al2O3 具有优异的抗氧化性,同时增加Cr2O3 氧化膜的致密度,提升了复合氧化膜的屏障效应,使合金涂层的抗高温氧化能力提高。综上所述,Al元素不但可以降低合金的密度,提高合金的硬度与比强度,而且还可作为一种理想的抗氧化元素,从而显著提高高熵合金的抗氧化能力。

  • 2.2 Ti元素的影响

  • 钛是一种银白色金属,其强度高、易加工且兼具耐低温与耐高温的特点。 Ti元素往往能够抑制FCC相的形成并促进BCC相的生成,因其原子半径和Al接近,所以在合金涂层中也可以加剧晶格畸变并促进固溶强化的作用,同时其低温韧性与耐蚀性能也都较佳[36]。林丹阳[37]研究了Ti添加对激光熔覆FeCoCrNiAlTi x( x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) 高熵合金涂层组织与性能的影响,研究发现随着Ti含量的增加, 共晶组织逐渐减小; 当 x=1时, FeCoCrNiAlTi的组织中出现等轴晶形貌。 Ti在合金中具有固溶强化与析出强化作用,使得合金涂层的硬度得到提高,因此耐磨性能也逐步增强,其磨损机制均为磨料磨损。 GU等[38] 采用激光熔覆技术在Q235钢基体上成功制备了CoCr2.5FeNi2Ti x ( x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) 高熵合金涂层。研究发现,适当添加一定量的Ti元素,能够提升合金的耐腐蚀性能与耐磨性能;当 x=1.5时,CoCr2.5FeNi2Ti1.5 涂层的硬度可达472HV0.2,是Q235钢硬度的2.4倍以上(如图2所示)。

  • 图2 CoCr2.5FeNi2Ti x(x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5) 高熵合金涂层显微硬度[38]

  • Fig.2 Microhardness of CoCr2.5FeNi2Ti x(x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5) high entropy alloy coatings [38]

  • 通常来说,添加Ti元素可以提高合金的电极电位,使其耐腐蚀性能得到提升。然而Ti原子的增多会导致金属间化合物的生成,使得合金的微观组织和元素分布不均,更易形成微电池,进而增大了腐蚀电流密度,降低了合金的耐蚀性能[39]。 GUO等[40] 采用激光熔覆技术在904不锈钢基底上制备了原位TiN颗粒增强CoCr2FeNiTi x(x=0, 0.5, 1.0)高熵合金涂层,该涂层由FCC相、粒状TiN陶瓷相和少量Laves相共同组成。 Ti的添加可以增强涂层的硬度与摩擦磨损性能;当 x=0.5时,涂层的自腐蚀电流密度最低为3.3×10-4 μA/cm 2,比904不锈钢基体高3个数量级,因而具有更佳的耐腐蚀性能。但是当 x=1时,会产生TiN颗粒和Laves相,形成腐蚀微电池,增加腐蚀倾向。

  • QIU等[41] 研究发现, 由于受高熵效应影响, Al2CrFeNiCoCuTi x(x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0)合金涂层的相结构由FCC、BCC以及Laves相共同组成; 合金的自腐蚀电流密度比Q235钢高出1至2个数量级,其自腐蚀电位也更“正”;Ti的添加有助于合金硬度与塑性的增强,因此合金涂层的相对耐磨性比Q235钢有了进一步提升。徐亮亮[42]采用激光熔覆技术在纯铜基体上制备了ZrNbHfTaTi x( x=0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0)高熵合金涂层,研究发现合金涂层主要有BCC1、BCC2、FCC和HCP四种相结构。随着Ti含量的增加,BCC1相增多,其余相逐渐减少;合金的硬度与拉伸强度和Ti含量呈正相关关系,而延伸率却相反。其中,x =0.4时,拉伸强度为700MPa,延伸率为8.2%;x=2.0时,拉伸强度为970MPa,而延伸率仅为3.5%。石海等[43]采用相同工艺在铝材表面激光熔覆Ni1.5Co1.5FeCrTi x(x=0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) 高熵合金涂层,研究发现涂层主要物相结构为FCC相和Laves相;随着Ti的添加,合金涂层在0.5mol/L HNO3 溶液中的腐蚀电流密度减小,耐腐蚀性能增强。

  • 3 重金属元素及其含量变化对高熵合金涂层的影响

  • 3.1 Co与Ni元素的影响

  • Co与Ni元素的原子半径与Fe、Cr、Cu等相近, 因此不会产生较大的晶格畸变;同时它们都具有良好的机械强度和延展性,而且Co还是一种铁磁性元素,不但能够细化晶粒,还可与合金中的耐腐蚀元素Ni、Cr等都能够形成致密的钝化膜,在合金表面形成的Co(OH)2 有利于提升Ni(OH)2 和Cr2O3 钝化膜的稳定性,进而使合金耐腐蚀性能提高。邱星武等[44-45]采用激光熔覆工艺在Q235钢的表面制备了Al2CrFeCoCuNi xTi (x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0)高熵合金涂层,研究发现涂层的熔覆区组织主要由等轴晶组成,合金的相结构主要由简单的FCC相、 BCC相及Laves相共同组成。随着Ni元素的添加, 合金涂层的相对耐磨性先增加后下降。当 x=1.5时,在0.5mol/L HNO3 溶液环境中的自腐蚀电流密度和维钝电流密度都是最小的。在0.5mol/L HCl溶液的腐蚀环境中,合金涂层的自腐蚀电流密度随着Ni含量的增加而减小,自腐蚀电位变化不大,相比Q235钢其自腐蚀电流密度高1至2个数量级,维钝电流密度最低可达0.83 μA/cm 2。在0.5mol/L H2 SO4 溶液中同样具有优异耐腐蚀性能,当 x=1.0时,高熵合金涂层显微结构相对简单,可避免形成腐蚀原电池,因此具有最佳的耐蚀能力。

  • 此外,QIU与何力等[46-48] 同时也研究了采用激光熔覆工艺在Q235钢上制备Al2CrFeCoxCuNiTi (x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0)高熵合金涂层。研究发现,随Co含量的增多,FCC相增多,BCC相减少,合金涂层的表面硬度与相对耐磨性均降低,硬度最高值为1 013HV。在1mol/L NaOH溶液的腐蚀环境中,当 x=1.0时,Al2CrFeCoCuNiTi高熵合金涂层的自腐蚀电流密度比Q235钢高3个数量级,Co的添加可以使自腐蚀电位正向移动0.03~0.27V(如图3所示);因为当 x=0.5时合金涂层为单一的FCC结构,其余三种高熵合金均为FCC+BCC结构,所以在3.5wt.%的NaCl溶液腐蚀环境中, Al2CrFeCo0.5CuNiTi高熵涂层的抗腐蚀能力最佳,自腐蚀电位也是最高的,通过Co的添加可使自腐蚀电位提高0.06~0.35V。金鑫源等[49] 在T10钢表面利用激光熔覆法制备了FeCrTiMoNiCox ( x=0.03~0.1) 高熵涂层, 涂层主要为BCC相结和TiCo3 及TiFe化合物。随着Co含量的增加,涂层的磨损率降低,耐磨性能增加,其磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损与粘着磨损。综合以上结论可以发现,Co与Ni元素的适量添加都能够有效提高激光熔覆高熵合金涂层的抗腐蚀能力。

  • 图3 Al2CrFeCoxCuNiTi (x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0)高熵合金涂层和Q235钢在1mol/L NaOH溶液中的腐蚀性能[46]

  • Fig.3 Corrosion performance in 1mol/L NaOH solution potentiodynamic polarization curves of Al2CrFeCoxCuNiTi (x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) high entropy alloy coatings and Q235steel [46]

  • 3.2 Nb与Mo元素的影响

  • Nb与Mo属于难熔金属元素,在合金中添加适量的Nb与Mo可以提高合金的高温力学性能、抗晶间腐蚀能力及淬透性。刘谦和王昕阳等[50-51] 采用同步送粉激光熔覆工艺在Q235钢表面制备了CoCrFeNiMox(x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3)高熵合金涂层。研究发现当 x=0.1和 x=0.2时,合金涂层由FCC相构成;当 x=0.3时,涂层由FCC相和 δ 相组成。涂层的组织主要为树枝晶,枝晶间伴有Cr与Mo等元素的偏聚,而枝晶内富集着Co、Fe等元素(如图4所示)。随着Mo含量的增加,涂层的腐蚀电位正移,腐蚀电流密度降低,钝化区间更宽,因此耐腐蚀性能更好;同时Mo的增加缓解了偏析现象,缺陷显著减少,显微硬度与耐磨性提高,CoCrFeNiMo0.3 涂层的磨损质量仅为CoCrFeNiMo0.1 涂层的45%。 GU等[52]选择以904L不锈钢为基体,研究了激光熔覆Ni1.5CrFeTi2B0.5Mox(x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) 高熵合金涂层的组织结构、耐腐蚀与摩擦磨损性能。结果发现,熔覆区主要由等轴晶和柱状晶组成,当 x=0或0.25时,涂层为单一BCC固溶体结构。当 x=0.5~1时涂层转变为FCC+ BCC双相结构。通过在模拟饱和盐水泥浆中进行极化曲线测试发现, Ni1.5CrFeTi2B0.5Mo0.75 合金涂层的自腐蚀电位最高为-0.384V,自腐蚀电流密度可达6.89 μA/cm 2。此外,Mo的添加可以显著提高涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性能,Ni1.5CrFeTi2B0.5Mo涂层的最高平均显微硬度为673HV,约为基体的3.6倍。

  • 图4 CoCrFeNiMox(x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3)激光熔覆涂层的组织形貌[50]

  • Fig.4 Microstructures of CoCrFeNiMox(x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3) coatings by laser cladding [50]

  • 贾春堂[53]采用激光熔覆技术在纯铁基体上制备了Al xCoCrFeMoyNi ( x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0; y=0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) 高熵合金涂层。研究发现合金仅存在BCC相和 δ 相,随着Mo的含量的增加, 涂层的显微硬度增加,但当 x=2.0时,涂层内应力增大,脆性倾向也增大。通过在3.5wt.%的NaCl腐蚀溶液中进行电化学测试,AlCoCrFeMo1.0Ni高熵合金涂层的耐蚀性能最好,这是因为 x=0.5~1时, 可以起到细化组织的作用,促进元素的均匀分布,使局部电位差减小。当 x=1.0~2.0时,AlN第二相粒子的析出导致局部电位差变大,合金耐蚀性能降低。李栋梁等[54]在Q235钢基体上制备了不同Mo含量的FeCrNiMnMoxB0.5( x=0, 0.4, 0.8, 1) 高熵合金涂层,研究发现涂层组织均匀致密,主要为树枝晶并伴有少量等轴晶,相结构为FCC相。随着Mo的增加,合金硬度逐渐增大,当 x=1.0时,显微硬度是基体的4倍,最高可达653.8HV。同时因为Mo在晶界富集使涂层成分分布不均,降低了合金涂层的耐腐蚀性能。 ZHU等[55] 在研究FeCrNiMnMoxSi 0.5B0.5 (x=0, 0.8, 1.0) 高熵合金涂层的过程中发现,合金涂层的相结构主要由FCC相和少量的FeMoSi相共同组成,Mo元素的加入使组织由小麦状枝晶演变为网状枝晶,FeCrNiMnMo1 Si 0.5B0.5 高熵合金涂层的硬度是最高的。为改善钢材表面耐冲蚀性能,提升材料使用寿命,包晔峰等[56] 采用激光熔覆工艺在Q235基体上制备了FeCoCrNiB0.2Mox ( x=0, 0.5, 1) 高熵合金涂层。结果发现,熔覆层由树枝晶组成并且层间存在细晶区,Mo含量的改变使涂层晶格畸变增加,固溶强化效果更明显,但并不影响涂层的单相BCC固溶体结构,其硬度可达600HV0.2 以上,而冲蚀失重速率会随Mo的添加而下降,涂层的冲蚀破坏主要为塑性微切削和塑性锻压挤压。

  • Nb元素的原子半径较大,且与其他元素互溶性较差,所以常在固液界面聚集并抑制晶粒的生长[57]。一般来说在合金中加入Nb元素,不但会引起高熵合金内部晶格畸变,从而产生显著的固溶强化效应;而且Nb还可以促进细小的第二相形成,有助于提高硬度和耐磨性[58]。郭亚雄等[59] 在退火处理后的W6Mo5Cr4V2 工具钢表面上制备了AlCrFeMoNbxTiW (x=1, 3, 5, 7at.%) 高熵合金涂层,研究发现熔覆层主要由BCC, ( Nb, Ti) C与Laves相共同组成。当 x=7时, 涂层的硬度最高可至1017HV0.2;通过磨损试验表明,在合金中添加Nb元素,涂层中的碳化物和金属间化合物增加,在硬度提升的同时,降低了摩擦因数与磨损率。类似地,WANG等[60]采用激光熔覆法在M2工具钢的表面制备了MoFe1.5CrTiWAlNbx(x=1.5, 2, 2.5, 3) 高熵合金涂层。通过XRD图谱分析发现,涂层的相结构主要由BCC相、(Nb、Ti) C和C14-Laves相共同组成(如图5所示)。研究发现随着Nb含量的逐渐增加, 合金涂层的显微硬度逐渐增大, MoFe1.5CrTiWAlNb3 涂层的硬度最高为910HV0.2,其磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损。尚晓娟等[61] 在W6Mo5Cr4V2Al A高速工具钢的表面制备了MoFeCrTiWAlNbx( x=1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3)难熔高熵合金涂层,该涂层主要由BCC相、MC碳化物相和少量Laves相组成。因为涂层中的固溶体和细小颗粒具有固溶强化作用和弥散强化作用,所以含Nb的合金涂层硬度均高于基材至少160HV0.2, 其中MoFeCrTiWAlNb高熵合金涂层的硬度最高为543HV0.2,耐磨性也是最好的,这也满足摩擦力学中的Archard定律[62-63]

  • 图5 MoFe1.5CrTiWAlNbx(x=1.5, 2, 2.5, 3) 高熵合金涂层的XRD图谱[60]

  • Fig.5 XRD patterns of MoFe1.5CrTiWAlNbx(x=1.5, 2, 2.5, 3) high entropy alloy coatings [60]

  • CHENG等[64]研究了Nb添加对CoCrCuFeNi高熵合金涂层耐磨性与耐蚀性的影响。结果发现,在相同的磨损试验条件下,添加Nb涂层的相对耐磨性是不添加Nb涂层的1.5倍左右;含Nb涂层的阻抗系数分别是304不锈钢和无Nb涂层的14倍和1.6倍。 WEN等[65]采用二元共晶成分设计策略、热力学计算以及试验验证的方法研究了不同Nb含量对激光熔覆工艺制备Ni1.5CrCoFe0.5Mo0.1Nbx ( x=0.55, 0.68, 0.8)高熵合金涂层组织结构与摩擦学性能的影响。研究发现,涂层主要的相结构为FCC相和Laves相;随着Nb元素在合金中占比的提升, 合金组织逐渐从亚共晶到过共晶转变,平均显微硬度分别为573.5HV、665.8HV和715.6HV,涂层的主要磨损机制由粘着磨损转变为磨粒磨损。

  • 3.3 Cr与Cu元素的影响

  • 通常来说,在工具钢和结构钢中添加Cr元素可以提高合金抗高温氧化性能[22]。张冲和黄标等[66-67]通过激光熔覆方法在45#钢基体上制备了FeCoCrxNiB (x=0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3)高熵合金涂层, 研究发现涂层由FCC相和M2B相(合金硼化物)共同组成;而且,随着Cr的增加,M2B相的衍射峰强度逐渐减弱,M2B相含量减少,FCC相含量增多。通过对涂层进行显微硬度与耐磨测试分析, FeCoCrxNiB高熵合金涂层的平均硬度是45#钢基体的2倍以上,FeCoCr0.5NiB合金涂层的平均硬度最高为860HV0.2,因此其耐磨性也是最高的。通过在900℃下进行高温氧化实验,发现不同Cr含量的合金涂层氧化动力学曲线基本满足抛物线规律;当 x ≥2时,高熵合金涂层均具有较好的抗氧化性能并在 x=3时生成稳定连续的Cr2O3 氧化膜。此外,在合金中添加适量的Cr元素能够提升合金的耐腐蚀性能。宋继军[68] 研究了不同Cr含量的FeCoNiCrxAl (x=1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5) 激光熔覆层的组织结构与耐腐蚀性能及耐磨损性能。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪等测试方法看出,熔覆层中上部更易形成等轴晶粒组织,其相结构为单一的BCC结构。通过硬度测试,四种熔覆层的显微硬度在550HV0.2 以上。经在3.5wt.%NaCl溶液中进行电化学测试发现,随着Cr含量的增多,自腐蚀电流密度先减小后增加,FeCoNiCr1.5Al熔覆层的自腐蚀电流密度最小可至3.384 μA/cm 2,也是四种不同成分合金中耐腐蚀性能最佳的;此外因为固溶强化的作用, 熔覆层的耐磨性能也随Cr的添加略有提升, FeCoNiCr2.5Al熔覆层的摩擦因数最小,耐磨性最好。

  • 纯铜是一种富有延展性且柔软的具有紫红色金属光泽的元素,具有很多可贵的理化特性,如高热导率、强化学稳定性以及可塑性等。添加一定量的Cu元素不但能够改善合金在淡水中的耐腐蚀性能,而且在碳钢中添加Cu元素还能够提高淬透性并降低延展性。刘亮等[69]利用相同工艺在Q235基体上制备了AlFeCrNiTiCux( x=0, 0.5, 1.0) 高熵合金涂层,研究发现涂层同时具有FCC相和BCC相;随着Cu含量的增多,在晶间区域也富集了明显的FCC相,但FCC相会降低涂层硬度,使塑性提高。 CAI等[70] 研究了Cu含量对FeCoCrNiCux ( x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5)高熵合金涂层耐蚀性与抗高温氧化性能的影响。研究表明,因为Cu的添加增大了元素之间的原子半径尺寸差,使在晶界中偏析形成富Cu相,进而导致电偶腐蚀,使涂层的钝化能力与耐蚀性能降低。同时在大气环境下对高熵合金涂层进行950℃的等温氧化测试并获得了氧化动力学曲线 (如图6所示),经分析发现由于Cu元素的增加会形成较大的氧化物生成,导致合金的高温抗氧化性能降低。

  • 图6 大气环境下激光熔覆FeCoCrNiCux(x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5)高熵合金涂层的氧化动力学曲线[70]

  • Fig.6 Oxidation kinetics curves of the FeCoCrNiCux(x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) cladding layers in atmospheric environment [70]

  • 3.4 其他重金属元素的影响

  • 除以上重金属元素外,国内外学者也对其他元素(如Fe和Zr等)含量变化对激光熔覆高熵合金涂层微观结构与性能进行了研究。 ZHANG等[71] 研究了不同Fe含量对AlCoCrFexNi (x=1.5, 2.5)高熵合金涂层组织结构与耐磨损性能的影响,试验发现合金涂层均由富Fe-Cr无序BCC相和富Al-Ni有序BCC相共同组成,且 x=2.5时合金涂层的耐磨性更高, 其磨损机理主要为黏着磨损与氧化磨损。 ZHAO等[72]在Ti6Al4V基体上采用激光熔覆工艺制备了AlNbTaZrx( x=0.2~1.0) 高熵合金涂层,研究发现涂层由HCP相和BCC相结构共同组成,同时随着Zr含量的增加,涂层平均显微硬度逐渐提高,涂层的磨损率降低约31%,耐磨性远优于基体。综合考虑涂层的耐磨性与抗高温氧化性能时, AlNbTaZr0.8高熵合金涂层是最佳的。

  • 4 非金属元素及其含量变化对高熵合金涂层的影响

  • B与Si等非金属元素相较FeCoNi基高熵合金的原子半径明显减小,添加适量非金属元素有利于形成间隙固溶体或与某些金属元素结合形成金属间化合物,增大晶格常数并提升合金的强度、硬度与摩擦磨损性能。另外,B元素还能起到细化晶粒的效果;同时B与Si元素在提升合金的综合力学性能方面均具有显著作用[73]。在钢铁中添加适量C元素能够提高材料的硬度和耐磨性;同时C元素有助于降低高熵合金的层错能并增加层间摩擦应力;有研究表明, 在保证不影响塑性的前提下, 向CoCrFeMnNi高熵合金中添加C元素同样可以提升合金的强度[74-75]

  • 4.1 B元素的影响

  • 陈国进等[76] 研究了B含量对FeCoCrNiBx( x=0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25)高熵合金涂层组织结构与耐磨性的影响,研究发现激光熔覆制备的合金涂层表面平整光亮,成形质量较好;其相结构随着B含量的增加从FCC相逐渐转变为FCC相和M3B相(Fe、 Cr硼化物),其微观组织变得细小,因而可以说明B元素具有细化晶粒的功效。当 x=1.25时,因为M3B硬质相含量明显增加并在激光熔覆过程中具有弥散强化的效果,所以FeCoCrNiB1.25 高熵合金涂层的硬度是最高的,其值可达8 480MPa。张冲等[77]在此基础上研究了B含量对FeCrNiCoMnBx (x=0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) 高熵合金涂层的组织结构、硬度以及摩擦磨损性能的影响。研究发现涂层由FCC相和硼化物共同组成,通过B的逐渐添加, 涂层的磨损体积下降, 耐磨性提高,磨损机制主要以粘着磨损破坏为主(如图7所示)。

  • 图7 FeCrNiCoMnBx(x=0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1)涂层的磨损体积与平均硬度随 x 的变化关系[77]

  • Fig.7 Relationships between the wear volume and average hardness of the FeCrNiCoMnBx(x=0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) coatings with various boron x additions [77]

  • 李涵等[78]采用相同工艺以TC4钛合金为基体研究了B含量对AlBxCoCrNiTi (x=0, 0.5, 1)高熵合金涂层的物相、显微组织与摩擦学性能的影响。研究发现,随着B的加入,BCC相与硬质相TiB2 含量增加,(Co, Ni)Ti2 相含量减少;不同B含量的涂层表面都与基体形成了良好的冶金结合,B的加入能够细化枝晶组织; 当 x=1时, 激光熔覆AlBCoCrNiTi高熵合金涂层的平均硬度与耐磨性分别是TC4钛合金基体的2.5倍与29倍,因而B有利于提高涂层的摩擦学性能。邹朋津等[79] 利用激光熔覆工艺在45#钢基体上制备了具有优良成形质量的CrNiAlCoMoBx(x=0.0, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0)系高熵合金涂层,研究发现所有涂层的硬度均在700HV0.2 以上,当 x=0.5时硬度最高可达900HV0.2。涂层在常温下的耐磨性能优于H13钢,其摩擦磨损机理主要是轻微粘着氧化磨损余磨粒磨损。通过在3.5wt.%NaCl腐蚀溶液中对该合金涂层进行耐腐蚀性能测试发现,涂层的自腐蚀电流与304不锈钢相当, 但钝化能力不及304不锈钢。此外,赵龙志等[80] 研究微量B元素添加对激光熔覆FeCoCrNiSiBx(x=0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08)高熵合金涂层组织与硬度的影响,结果发现涂层主要晶体结构由FCC与BCC相共同组成,B的适量添加会促进枝晶的生成,涂层硬度随B含量增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势, FeCoCrNiSiB0.06 高熵合金涂层的硬度是FeCoCrNiSi合金涂层的1.8倍,硬度最高可达537HV0.2

  • 4.2 Si元素的影响

  • 吴炳乾与张冲等[81-82]以45#钢为基体研究了激光熔覆FeCoCr0.5NiBSi x(x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4)高熵合金涂层的组织结构、耐磨性能以及高温冲蚀磨损性能。研究发现,熔覆态涂层主要由FCC相和M2B硼化物组成,其显微组织由先共晶组织与共晶组织一同组成。随着Si的添加,涂层硬度先降低后升高,当 x=0.3时,硬度值最小为613HV;当 x=0.4时,硬度值最高为820HV。该涂层的冲蚀磨损机理与脆性材料类似,低角度下以切削和犁沟破环形式为主,高角度下以挤压破环和脆性破碎形式为主。郝文俊等[83] 采用相同基底材料与制备手段研究了Si含量对CoCrFeNiSi x(x=0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0)高熵合金涂层组织与性能的影响。研究发现,Si具有降低合金熔点,提高熔覆层表面成型性的作用;随着Si的添加,晶粒结构尺寸变小,涂层的形核率与致密度提高,致密的组织具有提升熔覆层抵抗外部切削力的作用,进而使熔覆层的摩擦因数降低;涂层相结构从由FCC相变为BCC相,因而显微硬度提高。当 x=2.0时,CoCrFeNiSi2 高熵合金涂层的硬度约为基体3倍,所以Si的添加有助于改善合金涂层的减摩耐磨性能。表2总结归纳了不同Si含量对激光熔覆CoCrFeNiSi x ( x=0.0~2.0) 高熵合金涂层的硬度、磨损量以及摩擦因数的影响。

  • 表2 CoCrFeNiSi x(x=0.0~2.0)高熵合金涂层的硬度、磨损量以及摩擦因数[83]

  • Table2 Microhardness, wear and friction coefficient of CoCrFeNiSi x(x=0.0~2.0) high entropy alloy coatings [83]

  • 陈磊等[84]以Q235钢为基体,采用激光熔覆技术制备了MnCrTiCoNiSi x(x=0, 0.5, 1.0)高熵合金涂层,通过试验发现涂层主要由FCC相和金属间化合物组成,添加适量Si可以减少金属间化合物的生成。当 x 从0至1变化时,晶格常数先变小后变大, 当 x=1时,涂层表面硬度最高可达300HV。

  • LIU与ZHANG等[85-87] 采用相同工艺在AISI 304不锈钢表面上制备了AlCoCrFeNiSi x ( x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2,0.3, 0.4, 0.5) 高熵合金涂层。研究发现,涂层主要由BCC结构的单相组成。如图8所示,随着Si含量的增加,密度位错和显微硬度呈线性增加,平均摩擦因数和磨损率均显著降低,其主要磨损机制由粘着磨损、磨粒磨损和剥层磨损演变为氧化磨损,这些现象的出现被认为与磨损表面氧化膜的形成有关。经定量分析发现,位错强化是提高AlCoCrFeNiSi系合金涂层显微硬度的主要因素,而不是固溶强化和细晶强化。当 x=0.5时, AlCoCrFeNiSi 0.5 合金涂层的硬度是最大的,平均硬度可达821.5HV0.3。此外, 通过测试涂层在3.5wt.%NaCl溶液中的动电位极化曲线能够发现, 随着Si含量增加,涂层出现明显的钝化区,维钝电流密度也逐渐减小,说明其实际溶解速率减缓,涂层钝化膜也更加稳定,因此涂层具有良好的抗点蚀性能。

  • 图8 不同Si含量AlCoCrFeNiSi x(x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5)高熵合金涂层的位错密度和显微硬度的变化[85]

  • Fig.8 Dislocation density and microhardness increment of the AlCoCrFeNiSi x(x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) HEA coatings [85]

  • 4.3 B与Si元素的共同影响

  • CHENG等[88]采用优化的三步法宽带激光熔覆工艺研究了不同 ( B/Si) 比例对Fe25Co25Ni25 (BxSi1-x)25(x=0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8)无裂纹非晶态高熵合金涂层的组织结构与力学性能的影响。研究发现,当 x=0.5~0.6时,涂层主要由FCC相、( Fe, Co, Ni) 2B相和非晶态结构共同组成,当 x=0.7~0.8时,又有( Fe, Co,Ni) 3B相的析出。平均晶粒尺寸和枝晶间区域的体积分数取决于(B/Si)的含量。随着(B/Si)比率的增加,涂层硬度几乎呈线性增长,当 x=0.8时,硬度最高可达8.39GPa;进一步通过摩擦磨损试验能够分析得出,此时涂层磨损痕迹的宽度和深度也是最小的,也就是说Fe25Co25Ni25(B0.8 Si 0.2) 25 高熵合金涂层展现出最佳的耐磨性能。

  • 4.4 C元素的影响

  • 刘径舟等[89]采用激光熔覆技术在45#钢基体上制备了不同碳含量的CoCrFeMnNiCx(x=0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, 0.15) 高熵合金涂层。研究发现,未添加C原子时,高熵合金由简单的FCC相组成;当 x≤0.09时,出现C原子与高熵合金中的Cr、 Mn和Fe原子结合形成金属间化合物M23C6;当 x=0.12或0.15时,高熵合金再次由单相FCC相组成。高熵合金的硬度和耐腐蚀性随着C元素含量先增加后降低, 当 x=0.09时, 平均硬度取得最大值223.01HV0.2;自腐蚀电位最高为-348mV,腐蚀电流密度2.293 μA/cm 2,所以CoCrFeMnNiC0.09 高熵合金涂层的耐腐蚀性能也是最佳的。

  • 5 结论与展望

  • 高熵合金作为近20年来新发展起来的一种新型高性能合金材料,打破了原有以一至两种组元为主要元素的束缚,将合金设计方法扩展到以“多主元”为思路,并获得了传统合金无法比拟的且综合性能更为突出的合金材料,因而大大扩展了其应用前景。激光熔覆技术自20世纪70年代诞生以来, 目前已发展成为一种在表面工程学、应用激光及摩擦学领域广泛使用的、成熟的涂层制备工艺[90]。采用激光熔覆技术制备高熵合金涂层具有突出的抗高温氧化性能、耐腐蚀性能以及优异的摩擦磨损性能等诸多特性,但因组成元素对合金性能的影响以及相形成规律研究不足,准确绘制相关相图并形成完整系统的合金体系仍需深入探索;同时高熵合金本身制备成本较高且受尺寸限制;此外通过热处理方式提升高熵合金的综合性能,探究激光熔覆制备工艺参数对高熵合金涂层性能的影响,明确不同元素在高熵合金热处理中的作用机理等都将成为该领域的研究热点并进行深入的研究分析[91-92]。所以就目前而言,高熵合金多以粉末(涂层、薄膜等) 形式加以应用,离完全掌握高熵合金的性能强化机理并真正实现工业化宏量制备与批量使用还有较大差距。

  • 未来应探索更为经济可靠的涂层制备技术并研究其形成机理,不断优化激光熔覆过程中的工艺参数(如激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速率、光斑直径等) 以获得性能更为优异的涂层[93];深入发掘合金组元对高熵合金涂层的性能影响;逐步调整改进热处理工艺来提高高熵合金的加工性能;同时,关注并开发高熵合金的其他功能特性(如生物相容性、催化性能、抗辐照性能以及储氢性能等) 及其应用将成为高熵合金能够进入商用化的关键[94-96]。相信随着有关高熵合金研究的加深与不断开发,势必拥有更为广阔的应用前景与发展潜力。

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