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通讯作者:

朱新河(1964—),男(汉),教授,博士;研究方向:船机零件的摩擦磨损控制;E-mail:xinhe@dlmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:TH117

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-9289(2020)02-0015-14

DOI:10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20191010001

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目录contents

    摘要

    为提高摩擦副之间的摩擦学性能,润滑油添加剂、低摩擦表面以及表面微织构等作为改善表面摩擦学性能的手段已得到国内外研究工作者的广泛关注并取得了一定的成果,而表面微织构复合固体润滑材料技术作为一种集成了已有各种减摩手段优点的复合技术开始被研究。 文中综述了表面微织构与固体润滑材料复合的物理和化学方法;评述了表面微织构几何形状、参数和固体润滑材料种类对复合表面摩擦学性能的影响;分析了表面微织构复合固体润滑材料的减摩机制;最后指出了该复合技术目前尚待解决的问题,并对该技术下一步的发展方向和实际应用进行了展望。

    Abstract

    In order to improve the tribological properties of friction pair, lubricant additives, low-friction surfaces and surface micro-textures have aroused great attention by worldwide scientists as means to improve surface tribological properties and have already achieved certain results. However, surface micro-textures combined with solid lubricants has begun to be studied as a composite technology because of the integration of existing anti-friction measures. The physical and chemical methods for the composite of surface micro-textures and solid lubricants were reviewed. The effects of geometrical shape, parameters of surface micro-texture and types of solid lubricants on the tribological properties of composite surface were reviewed. The anti-friction mechanism of the composite technology was analyzed. Finally, the unsolved problems of composite technology were pointed out, and the development direction and practical application of this technology in the future were proposed.

  • 0 引言

  • 摩擦会导致机械零件失效和系统效率的降低,增加动力能源消耗,由于摩擦造成的机械能量损失高达10%~20%[1]。 为减少摩擦,研究人员针对摩擦副已提出并实施了各种手段,例如改善润滑油性能、制备低摩擦表面和表面微织构等。 改善润滑油性能主要是往在用润滑油中添加功能性的微纳材料,如添加具有减摩抗磨性能的WS2[2]、MoS2[3]、LaF[4]、石墨烯[5] 等粉体。 制备低摩擦表面是在在摩擦副之间通过增加易剪切的自润滑材料,利用材料自身的润滑特性来减少表面摩擦, 如在摩擦表面形成固体润滑薄膜[6-7]或涂覆自润滑材料[8-9]。 表面微织构则是通过在摩擦副表面加工不同微造型来减少摩擦副之间实际接触面积,储存润滑油和磨损产物来减少摩擦,如圆形微织构[10]、三角形微织构[11]、矩形微织构[12]等。

  • 然而在研究过程中发现表面微织构不仅可以作为液体润滑剂的储存器,还可以作为固体润滑剂或其他功能性材料的储存器。 此复合方法是将上述现有的减摩手段进行综合处理,即在表面微织构内填充固体润滑材料,让其在使用过程中逐渐释放出来,起到减摩作用。 填充的固体润滑材料种类也相对较多, 如单一固体润滑材料[13-14]、多种单一固体润滑材料的混合物等[15]

  • 在研究中发现,表面微织构与固体润滑材料复合之后,呈现出比单一表面处理方法更优的减摩耐磨效果[16],并且可针对不同的工况发挥不同的作用。 在油润滑条件下,固体润滑材料会逐渐释放至摩擦副间的润滑油中;在干摩擦条件,固体润滑材料直接作用在发生摩擦的部位。 除此之外,表面微织构仍能起到储存磨损产物的作用。 文中在评述表面微织构复合固体润滑材料的方法,分析减摩因素以及减摩机理的基础上,综述了表面微织构复合固体润滑材料技术最新的研究与发展概况,并探讨复合技术所遇到的问题,为相关研究提供一定的思路,希望对探索机械零件减摩耐磨新方法、新途径及其潜在应用提供一定的参考价值。

  • 1 微织构表面固体润滑材料的复合工艺

  • 由于研究者研究领域的不同,并在考虑固体润滑材料和应用工况的基础上,微织构表面固体润滑材料的复合工艺也有所不同。 目前,复合工艺种类繁多,如机械涂覆、热压填充、有机树脂粘接、气相沉积等众多物理和化学方法,由于复合工艺的不同,复合涂层所展现出的摩擦学性能和使用寿命也有一定的差异。

  • 1.1 机械涂覆法

  • 机械涂覆法是通过反复的机械作用力将干燥的固体润滑材料粉体涂抹在试样表面,形成润滑膜,达到与基体间的物理结合状态。 具体操作步骤是先将涂覆布固定在旋转盘上,并将一定量的固体润滑材料均匀分散在涂覆布上,使经过抛光和超声清洗的试样与涂覆布上的润滑材料在一定载荷下对磨,在旋转盘的缓慢匀速转动中制备复合涂层。

  • Wu等[17]在Ti-6Al-4 V合金微织构表面上机械涂覆MoS2 固体润滑剂,并在旋转球盘接触下进行高速干摩擦试验。 结果表明,填充有MoS2固体润滑剂的钛合金微织构表面呈现出较好的摩擦学性能,与光滑表面相比,其摩擦因数最高可降低40%,且波动明显降低;摩擦温度最高也降低15%。 周后明等[18] 通过特殊材质的布料将MoS2 基复合固体润滑剂机械涂覆在具有微织构的硬质合金刀具前刀面上。 结果发现,填充有MoS2/Sb2O3 复合固体润滑剂的微织构刀具在高、低速切削时都表现出较低的切削力,且切削温度比传统刀具下降11%~25%。 另外,Li等[19] 试验了具有微织构的不锈钢表面与MoS2 润滑剂复合后在600℃ 条件下的摩擦学性能。 结果表明在高温条件下,复合表面具有较低的摩擦因数和磨损率。

  • 还有研究者在机械涂覆固体润滑材料之前,对基体试样进行了预处理。 Rapoport等[20] 在机械涂覆MoS2 润滑剂之前,先对钢基体表面抛磨一层硫化物或硒化物的微纳颗粒用以增加MoS2与钢基体之间的结合强度,通过多功能摩擦磨损试验机对钢表面激光微织构内填充固体润滑剂的粘附力和使用寿命进行了研究。 结果证明,CdZnSe作为粘结层时,所制备的复合表面具有最佳的摩擦因数,此时表面MoS2 润滑膜层的磨损寿命是单独涂覆MoS2 润滑膜层的两倍。 Li等[21]试验了将MoS2 微纳粉末机械涂覆在含银镍基合金表面微织构内,并通过环盘式摩擦磨损试验机检验其在室温至600℃ 条件下的摩擦学性能。 结果表明,试样摩擦因数会随着温度的增加而增加;填充MoS2 粉末试样在室温至400℃条件下,其摩擦因数稍低于未织构合金试样,高于400℃时,其摩擦因数仍维持在较低的水平,而未织构合金试样的摩擦因数则上升较快。

  • 机械涂覆法因操作简单,易于达到填充效果,是目前应用较为广泛的复合方法之一,但对固体润滑剂的填充效果一般,结合强度不高。

  • 1.2 热压填充法

  • 热压填充法是采用加热和加压的方法将固体润滑材料填充于微织构表面内的处理过程。首先将填充的固体润滑材料过量的涂覆于已微织构加工试样表面,在一定温度和压力下利用热压机进行热压成形,制成试样毛坯。 毛坯试样经砂纸抛光去除表面多余的固体润滑材料,最终制备复合表面,具体过程如图1 所示[16]

  • 图1 热压加工过程[16]

  • Fig.1 Process of hot pressing

  • Hu等[16]对比了热压填充法与机械涂覆法对试样摩擦学性能的影响。 结果发现,在表面微坑内热压MoS2 固体润滑剂所制备的涂层具有极低的摩擦因数和长的磨损寿命,比机械涂覆固体润滑剂的摩擦因数降低约1 倍,磨损寿命提高约35 倍。 其分析原因是,热压使微坑中的润滑剂涂层密度增加,其固体润滑剂的储存量大约是机械涂覆的20 倍;另外,热压处理还可增强固体润滑剂与基材的粘结强度。 华希俊等[22-23] 采用热压的方法对表面微织构复合固体润滑材料做了一系列研究。 他先将微纳MoS2 粉末热压填充至45钢表面激光微织构内,在销盘线接触摩擦磨损试验机上考察了其作为复合固体润滑剂在干摩擦条件下的摩擦学性能。 研究结果发现微织构中填充的MoS2 在摩擦过程中转移至试样接触表面,并形成稳定可靠的固体润滑膜,提高摩擦表面的减摩耐磨性能。 除此之外,他还发现在油润滑状态下的表面激光微织构填充固体润滑剂仍能对摩擦副表面起到减摩耐磨作用。 孙友松等[24]则将微织构填充方法应用在传动螺母上,首先通过3D纺织技术编织出具有纹理结构的螺旋面状碳纤维,并采用半干法将微纳固体润滑剂复合在碳纤维上研究其摩擦磨损性能,经与高性能青铜ZCuSn10Pb1 螺母对比,复合材料螺母摩擦因数降低了21.2%,传动效率也相对提高了10.6%。

  • 由此看出,采用热压填充法可增加固体润滑材料在微织构内的存储量和粘结强度,所得的摩擦学效果要好于机械涂覆法,但热压夹具的形状对其应用范围影响较大,平面试样可较容易得到加工效果,对于非平面试样的加工难度较大。

  • 1.3 有机树脂粘结法

  • 表面微织构内的固体润滑材料的填充方式直接影响着其使用寿命,尽管热压填充方法在一定程度上增加了其使用寿命,降低其释放速率,但研究发现有机树脂粘结法,即将环氧树脂或其他树脂类有机物作为粘接剂与固体润滑材料混合后填充于微织构表面的方法,表现更佳的作用时效,使用寿命也有所提高。 通常,粘结法先将粘接剂与固体润滑材料按不同质量比混合均匀,涂覆于已加工试样表面,之后经过一定时间的冷凝压制或热压成形,制成试样毛坯,最后经砂纸研磨、抛光,加工成摩擦磨损试样。 或者将试样浸入到经丙酮稀释的粘接剂与固体润滑材料的悬浮液中,静置一段时间,取出后放入干燥箱依次进行低温保温固化,高温保温固化,制成试样。因此,有学者把树脂类材料与固体润滑材料混合在一起封装在表面微织构内,研究其协同作用下的摩擦学性能,并取得了一定的成果。 表1 总结了部分不同树脂与固体润滑材料在微织构内的协同作用效果。

  • 尹延国[25],乔姣飞[26],秦永坤[27] 等研究了环氧树脂与MoS2 的混合物对试样的摩擦学性能影响,发现环氧树脂粘接剂可有效地填充在表面微织构内,形成复合润滑膜层,并且表面微织构内填充混合固体润滑膜有着更优异的摩擦学性能,其摩擦因数的降低和膜层寿命的提高与环氧树脂的含量有一定的关系。 黄仲佳等[28] 则使用5%酚醇树脂粘结剂改善固体润滑剂的粘结性能,并通过机械涂覆的方法将混合润滑材料填充在45 钢表面电解加工的微织构内,发现微织构中填充的固体润滑材料在摩擦过程可转移至接触表面并能形成稳定可靠的固体润滑膜,提高摩擦表面的减摩耐磨性能。 华希俊等也先后研究了AB胶[29]、聚酰亚胺(PI)[30]与MoS2 微纳粉体合后形成黏结型混合固体润滑剂填充在表面微织构内的摩擦学性能。 研究结果都显示混合固体润滑剂填充的微织构表面的摩擦因数均随着载荷和转速的增大而减小,且高速重载更有利于润滑膜的形成;并且粘接剂含量存在一个最优值,AB胶质量含量为50%时,摩擦因数最低,约为0.12;聚酰亚胺质量分数为20%时,摩擦因数最低,约为0.11。

  • 表1 树脂与固体润滑材料协同作用下的摩擦学性能

  • Table1 Tribological properties under the synergistic effect of resin and solid lubricants

  • 尽管目前缺少有机树脂粘结法与上述两种加工方法在同一条件下的对比,但从现有的试验数据来看,有机树脂粘结法仍能较大的改善试样的摩擦学性能。

  • 1.4 气相沉积法

  • 气相沉积法是利用气相中发生的物理、化学反应,在工件表面形成功能性或装饰性的金属、非金属或化合物涂层。 气相沉积法按照成膜机理,可分为化学气相沉积、物理气相沉积和等离子体气相沉积。 表2 总结了使用物理气相沉积法在表面微织构内填充固体润滑材料的作用效果。

  • 表2 物理气相沉积法在表面微织构内填充固体润滑剂的摩擦学性能

  • Table2 Tribological properties of textured surface filled with solid lubricants through physical vapour deposition

  • Deng[31],Liu[32]等采用物理气相沉积的方法在具有微织构的WC/Co硬质合金刀具前刀面沉积固体润滑材料,通过车床切削试验检验其切削性能。 结果表面微织构复合固体润滑材料可以降低切削力,切削温度和摩擦因数,并且微织构的存在还可以增加沉积涂层与基体的粘结强度。Xing等[33-34] 则对Al2O3/TiC陶瓷微织构表面上沉积WS2/Zr复合涂层在湿切削和干切削工况下的摩擦学性能进行了研究。 结果表明微织构与WS2/Zr复合涂层均能表现出较好的摩擦学性能,并且表面微织构可以改变切刀应力分布,进而增加涂层与基体的结合强度,延长涂层的使用寿命。 另外,W-S-C涂层[35]、 TiAlN涂层[36] 也通过气相沉积的方法沉积在具有微织构的硬质合金表面,测试结果都表明表面微织构与润滑材料的协同作用可以极大地改善其摩擦学性能。 除此之外,还有学者研究了具有微织构的气相沉积涂层的摩擦学性能。 Waldemar等[37] 利用气相沉积的方法在发动机气缸套内表面沉积DLC涂层,然后采用机械加工的方法在其上加工出直径为0.25~0.35 mm,深度为4~6 μm的微坑,测试结果表明,在同样运转工况条件下,由于摩擦功耗的减少,使用微织构DLC涂层气缸套的发动机比原始发动机输出的功率增加约5.8%,转速约增加1000 r/min。 Pakula等[38] 在塞隆陶瓷表面上气相沉积Al2O3+ TiN涂层后进行微织构,测试结果表明,复合润滑结构的摩擦因数可降低15%。

  • 气相沉积技术在基体表面得到的润滑涂层细致、紧密,与表面微织构复合之后,微织构对涂层的锚定作用,使得涂层与基体的结合强度也进一步提高。 由此看出,此种复合工艺对工作于重载条件下的摩擦副具有较好的指导意义。

  • 1.5 其他处理方法

  • 除上述复合工艺方法之外,还有一些其他的处理方法,不过针对这些处理方法的文献相对较少。 Li等[39] 在45 钢上对电沉积镍过渡层进行微织构,再采用电沉积方法在有微织构的镍层上沉积银涂层,并利用球盘试验机在干摩擦条件下检验复合涂层从室温至700℃ 下的摩擦磨损性能。 结果表明,所制备的复合涂层试样在适当的织构密度下表现出比无织构镍层和无镍层微织构试样低且稳定的摩擦因数,在700℃ 下摩擦因数约为0.2。 Li等[40] 采用电流体动力学雾化技术在微织构表面沉积WS2 涂层,通过球盘往复式滑动摩擦试验机来评估其摩擦学性能,结果显示表面微织构可以增强涂层与基体的粘结强度,延长WS2 膜层的磨损寿命。

  • 2 影响复合膜层摩擦学性能的因素

  • 表面微织构内填充固体润滑材料比单一的处理方法达到更优的摩擦学性能,并可针对不同的工况发挥不同的作用。 摩擦学性能的改善主要取决于表面微织构的参数以及所填充的固体润滑材料的种类。

  • 2.1 表面微织构参数对摩擦学性能的影响

  • 表面微织构参数,如微织构的形状、尺寸、微织构底面形状以及微织构的密度等[10-12],对摩擦学性能的影响已经被许多学者通过理论和试验证明。 在此基础上,不同表面微织构参数对复合润滑结构的摩擦学性能影响也逐渐开始被研究。

  • 2.1.1 微织构几何形状参数的影响

  • 图2 展示了部分微织构的几何形状参数。表3 总结了部分微织构几何形状参数对复合润滑结构的摩擦学性能影响。

  • 图2 表面微织构几何形状

  • Fig.2 Geometric shapes of surface texture

  • 表3 不同微织构几何形状复合固体润滑材料的摩擦学性能

  • Table3 Tribological properties of different geometric shapes of texture filled with solid Lubricants

  • Wu[41],吴泽[42],龙远强[43],Qin[44]等分别研究了具有沟槽性、椭圆形、圆弧形、圆形微织构的试样在涂覆固体润滑材料后对摩擦学或切削性能的影响,结果都发现微织构填充固体润滑材料比单微织构试样表现出更佳的摩擦学性能或切削性能。 Li等[40]还对比了不同的表面微织构形状对复合涂层的减摩效果的影响。 试验采用激光刻蚀技术在硬质合金表面加工出微坑阵列、线阵列、四叶草阵列的微织构,然后在微织构表面沉积WS2 涂层,通过球盘往复式滑动摩擦试验机来评估其摩擦学性能。 试验结果表明四叶草阵列的微织构与WS2 涂层之间的协同作用对硬质合金的摩擦磨损性能改善最为明显。

  • 2.1.2 微织构尺寸的影响

  • 表4 总结了部分微织构尺寸和密度对复合润滑结构的摩擦学性能影响。 黄仲佳[28],Zimmerman[45]等对不同尺寸的微织构对填充固体润滑材料后的摩擦学性能进行研究,结果发现较大尺寸的微织构表现出较好的摩擦学性能,摩擦因数较小, 低摩擦因数寿命也相对较长。 Zhang等[46-49]则对比了微米和纳米级的微织构填充固体润滑剂的摩擦学性能,结果表明具有纳米织构的刀具试样, 其磨损寿命显著增加。 织构化TiAlN涂层刀具在切削力、刀-屑间平均摩擦因数、刀具的磨损量以及工件的加工质量方面均得到不同程度的改善,其中同时具有微米和纳米织构的TiAlN涂层刀具具有最优的切削性能。 在此基础上,Zhang等[50-51] 在具有微米和纳米织构的TiAlN涂层上磁控溅射沉积WS2,并在干切削试验机上检验其切削性能。 结果表明TiAlN涂层上的微纳织构可以改善WS2 膜的初始使用寿命,并对其切削力、切削温度、摩擦因数和刀具磨损等性能上都有明显改善,其认为WS2 与织构化涂层之间粘结强度的提高主要是由于表面微织构为涂层提供机械锚定的作用。

  • 除微织构尺寸外,微织构的密度也对复合润滑结构的摩擦学性能有较大的影响。 Meng等[35]通过球盘式摩擦磨损试验机检验硬质合金不同密度的沟槽型微织构表面沉积W-S-C涂层的干摩擦性能,结果发现当微沟槽面密度为9%时,对摩擦性能改善效果最佳,此时平均摩擦因数的降幅相比于未微织构表面可达80%。 Hu等[52] 则研究了圆形微织构密度对钛合金摩擦学性能的影响。 试验在干摩擦和涂覆MoS2 固体润滑剂条件下,研究了织构密度为13%、23%和44%的微坑表面对钛合金摩擦学性能的影响,结果表明,织构密度为23%的微坑表面具有最低的摩擦因数,但织构密度的增加可以获得更长的磨损寿命。 乔姣飞[26]和Guleryuz[53] 等对微织构的尺寸和密度对填充固体润滑剂的摩擦学性能同时进行了研究,结果发现微织构尺寸越大对摩擦因数的影响越大,而微织构密度对摩擦因数而言存在一个最优值。 Arenas等[54] 则对菱形微织构的交叉角度和织构密度对摩擦学性能的影响进行研究。 利用布抛光的方法在Ti6Al4V合金菱形图案织构表面涂覆微纳石墨烯和MoS2 颗粒,并通过往复滑动摩擦磨损试验机对不同试样的摩擦磨损性能进行评价,当交叉角为60°,织构密度为64%时具有最佳的摩擦磨损性能,并且当织构密度≤40%时,石墨烯涂层的使用寿命高于MoS2

  • 上述研究结果表明织构密度对试样表面的减摩性能存在一个最优值,但Qin等[44]通过对微弧氧化的织构钛合金表面进行涂覆MoS2 固体润滑剂,通过摩擦磨损试验发现,钛合金表面织构密度越高(织构密度试验范围8%~55%),所制备织构化钛合金微弧氧化复合MoS2 涂层的减摩性能越好。 其研究结果与上述直接在基体表面微织构复合固体润滑剂的研究结果有所不同,原因可能与钛合金微弧氧化后形成的硬质耐磨陶瓷表面有关。

  • 表4 不同微织构尺寸和密度复合固体自润滑材料的摩擦学性能

  • Table4 Tribological properties of different size and density of textures filled with solid lubricants

  • 由此可知,微织构的几何形状对复合润滑结构的减摩效果相当;但微织构的尺寸和密度对复合润滑结构的减摩效果影响较大,所以目前大多数研究都是对微织构尺寸和密度的优化。 这和表面微织构参数对单微织构表面摩擦学性能的影响有所不同。 对单微织构摩擦表面,微织构的形状,如三角形[55],圆形[56],矩形[57] 和沟槽[58],微织构的尺寸和密度[59]以及排列方式[60]对摩擦学性能影响都有较大的影响。 这些结果表明,微织构参数对表面摩擦学性能的影响与微织构内储存润滑剂的种类有一定的关系。 当表面微织构内复合固体润滑材料时,微织构参数对复合润滑结构的减摩效果主要取决于织构参数对固体润滑剂的储存情况;而当微织构内储存液体润滑剂时,微织构参数对织构表面的减摩效果主要取决于微织构形状对液体润滑剂所形成的动压润滑效应的影响。

  • 另外,针对不同材质的基体,复合润滑结构对微织构的尺寸和密度的优化规律并不统一。对于普通硬度的基体,如铸铁、钢等,微织构密度存在一个最优质;而对于硬度较高的基体,如陶瓷,微织构密度则是越大越好。 众所周知,织构化会减少摩擦副之间的接触面积,对于普通硬度材料表面,在一定负载下,织构密度太高,尽管储存固体润滑剂较多,但试样表面承载能力随之下降,所以存在一个最优值。 而对于硬质加高的材料表面,其表面本身的承载能力较高,而织构密度越高,储存的固体润滑剂量越多,所起到的减摩效果就会越好。

  • 2.2 固体润滑材料种类对摩擦学性能影响

  • 除表面微织构的参数对复合涂层的摩擦学性能有一定的影响之外,复合技术所填充的固体润滑材料对不同工况下的摩擦学性能也起到至关重要的作用。 根据固体润滑材料物性的不同,可分为金属基固体润滑材料和非金属基固体润滑材料。 金属基固体润滑材料因其高剪切强度、稳定好等特点常用在高温、高载等苛刻的工况中;非金属基固体润滑材料因其良好的低温性能、耐腐蚀等特点常用在低温、腐蚀等环境中。

  • 2.2.1 金属基固体润滑材料

  • 在金属基固体润滑材料中,MoS2 因其良好的润滑性能成为应用最广泛的润滑材料,且S具有对金属很强的粘附力,使MoS2 能很好地附着在金属表面始终发挥润滑功能[61]。 但针对于复杂或极端工况,需要多种润滑材料的协同作用,主要有润滑脂、石墨、碳纳米管、金属Ag、WS2、ZrO2 等。

  • Gajrani[62],Hua[63] 等将MoS2 固体润滑剂与不同润滑脂混合后填充在试样表面微织构内,并评估其摩擦磨损性能,结果发现MoS2 混合润滑脂后表现出更优的减摩效果,并且SKF润滑脂比普通润滑脂具有更好的润滑效果。 Xing等[64] 分别考察了MoS2、WS2 以及WS2/Zr 3 种类型的固体润滑材料与表面微织构相结合之后的摩擦学性能。 结果表明,微织构表面抛磨WS2 在减摩耐磨性能方面优于抛磨MoS2,磁共溅射WS2/Zr制备复合润滑结构具有最优的摩擦学性能。 付景国等[65]则是对比了气缸套表面织构填充微纳米蛇纹石颗粒与MoS2 的减摩性能,结果发现表面织构填充MoS2 对摩擦因数的改善效果好于蛇纹石颗粒,在载荷30 MPa时,其改善程度约增加3.2%,在载荷100 MPa时,其改善程度约增加5.7%。 Li等[66] 研究了固体润滑剂WS2 与具有微织构的ZrO2 涂层之间的摩擦学性能,结果表明沉积WS2 涂层后,织构化的ZrO2 涂层显示出更好的摩擦和磨损性能,与沉积的ZrO2 涂层相比,摩擦因数可降低16%,对磨钢球磨损率可降低92%。 Qin等[67] 研究钛合金微弧氧化表面在填充Ag/MoS2 复合材料后,在高温工况下的摩擦学性能,结果发现,在350℃ 条件下,与钛合金微弧氧化膜层相比,其摩擦因数从0.6 降为0.3,磨痕深度从25 μm降低至3 μm;而在600℃ 条件下, 其摩擦因数从0.6 降为0.18,磨痕深度从25 μm降低至5 μm。 其分析减摩原因为MoS2在高温下产生氧化生成MoOx,并与Ag发生反应,生成高温润滑剂Ag2MoO4,从而在高温工况表现出较好的摩擦学性能。

  • 2.2.2 非金属基固体润滑材料

  • 在非金属基固体润滑材料中,聚酰亚胺(PI)、碳纳米管、石墨和聚四氟乙烯( PTFE) 等材料因其较低的摩擦因数被广泛应用。 华希俊等[68]又研究了具有微织构的45 钢表面填充聚酰亚胺( PI)、碳纳米管( CNTs) 与微纳MoS2 粉末形成的混合固体润滑剂在高温条件下摩擦学性能。 结果表明碳纳米管的添加有利于提高复合固体润滑剂的耐热性能和润滑减摩性能,碳纳米管质量分数为6%时,其摩擦因数最小,且比无碳纳米管的低37%左右。 刘思思等[69] 对喷涂固体石墨的微织构表面进行乏油条件下的摩擦磨损试验。 结果表明,在微织构表面喷涂石墨后,与光滑表面和单织构表面相对,其平均摩擦因数约降低64.3%和54.8%。 付景国等[70]在研究微坑内填充PTFE的摩擦学性能的基础上,对PTFE在微坑内的释放性能进行研究。 结果表明,当微坑直径为0.4 mm、深度为120 μm时,所制备的复合润滑结构具有最佳的减摩效果,并且在固体润滑材料填充过程中添加硅烷偶联剂可有延缓填充材料的释放。 表5总结了部分微织构内固体润滑材料的种类对试样摩擦学性能的影响。

  • 表5 微织构内不同固体润滑材料的摩擦学性能

  • Table5 Tribological properties of surface texture filled with different solid lubricants

  • 综上可以看出,为了扩大复合润滑结构的使用领域,微织构填充多元复合润滑材料已经成为共识。 目前常用的多元润滑材料配方仍是以工程中常用的固体润滑材料为主,如MoS2、WS2 等,然后根据设备或零件工作的实际情况,辅以适用于高温、真空等特殊工况的润滑材料,利用多组元的协同作用来增强复合润滑结构的减摩、耐磨性能。

  • 3 表面微织构复合固体润滑材料的减摩机制

  • 表面微织构与固体润滑材料复合之后在减摩、耐磨、膜层使用寿命方面表现出较好的性能。目前,大多数研究内容仅关注在减摩效果上,对其减摩的机制研究相对较少,并且不同的研究人员对于复合技术的减摩机制也有着不同的理解。

  • 3.1 固体润滑材料的挤出成膜减摩机制

  • 黄仲佳等[28] 和Hu[71] 等对减摩机制有着相似的解释,都认为固体润滑剂的减摩作用主要由微织构内的固体润滑剂在摩擦过程中可以从微织构内挤压至微织构之间,并在微织构周围形成固体薄膜,而固体润滑剂的成膜过程可分为接触挤出、摩擦带至微孔前面、摩擦铺展成膜3 个步骤,如图3 所示[28]。 他们认为固体润滑剂的减摩效果取决于存留在微织构中固体润滑剂的量。对于低面积占有率的微织构表面,存留的固体润滑剂不足以形成足够厚度的固体膜以隔绝滑动触点,导致摩擦因数的增加;而较高的微织构面积占有率将会导致表面粗糙度的增加,且使承载面减少,也会导致摩擦因数的增加。

  • 而Li等[66]则从3 个方面解释了减摩机制。第一,表面微织构通过减小摩擦副之间的接触面积可以减少复合涂层表面的摩擦和磨损;第二,表面微织构还可以捕捉滑动过程中产生的磨屑,减少摩擦副的磨粒磨损;第三,表面微织构的出现可以增加涂层与基体的粘结强度,使其储存在表面微织构中,并在滑动过程中转移至摩擦表面,形成固体润滑膜,减少摩擦。

  • 图3 微纳材料的成膜机理[28]

  • Fig.3 Film formation mechanism of micro-nano materials[28]

  • 3.2 固体润滑材料的热膨胀释放减摩机制

  • Zhang等[72]采用热-机械耦合场模型模拟填充物的温度场,利用填充物的热膨胀性来解释表面织构复合固体润滑材料的减摩机制。 他认为填充于微织构内的固体润滑材料在摩擦热作用下发生热膨胀,并在摩擦副的剪切力作用下转移摩擦表面形成减摩膜层以减少摩擦磨损,如图4 所示。

  • 金梅等[73]则通过讨论气缸套试样上表面微织构分布位置对织构填充后的摩擦磨损性能影响,得出微织构分布在止点位置的气缸套具有最优的减摩耐磨和抗拉缸性能。 由此认为,缸套中部微织构内填充的固体润滑剂在外溢过程中会破坏运动过程中形成的油膜,而缸套止点位置,速度趋近于零,油膜较薄,微织构内填充的纳米颗粒会协同润滑油在缸套表面生成化学反应膜减少摩擦副微凸体的直接接触,降低粘着磨损,改善其润滑状态。

  • 由此可以看出,微织构表面封装润滑材料复合技术的减摩效果在很大程度上取决于填充材料的减摩特性以及其释放特性。 表面微织构内封装不同类型的固体润滑材料具有不同的减摩机制。 固体粉末类固体润滑材料主要依靠对磨摩擦副的挤压、刮磨作用铺展至摩擦副表面;而凝固树脂类及固体膏状类混合固体润滑材料则主要依靠摩擦热产生的膨胀行为外溢至摩擦副表面,进而产生减摩效果。

  • 图4 热膨胀释放机理

  • Fig.4 Release mechanism of thermal expansion

  • 4 展望

  • 表面微织构复合固体润滑材料技术作为一种集成了已有各减摩手段优点的复合技术比单一表面处理方法有着更优的减摩耐磨效果。 它将固体润滑材料的润滑、耐磨、耐高温等性能与表面微织构储存润滑剂、磨屑等特点结合在一起,发挥了摩擦副中多组元协同作用功效,是改善摩擦副摩擦学性能一种有效方法。 但从国内外的研究现状及作者前期对表面微织构与润滑材料复合技术的研究结果来看,未来应着重从以下4 方面对其开展相应的研究。

  • (1) 表面微织构与固体润滑材料的复合工艺。 复合工艺对固体润滑材料的作用时效起到至关重要的作用,并直接影响其摩擦学性能。 由于润滑油或润滑脂的浸润会加速微织构内固体润滑材料的释放,导致固体润滑材料的作用时效大大降低,而目前复合工艺的研究多在干摩擦条件下进行,尚缺少油润滑或脂润滑下条件下的复合工艺的研究。 再者还应开展特殊形貌的微织构及表面微织构分布对摩擦学性能的影响,以及针对于不同温宽、不同湿度以及真空等特殊工况条件下的润滑材料配方、表面处理技术、粘结成型工艺及摩擦学性能的研究。

  • (2) 微织构内封装固体润滑材料的释放性问题。 由于固体润滑材料在微织构内粘结不牢固,导致多数研究对固体润滑材料的作用时效没有提及,即对固体润滑材料在微织构内的释放行为,特别是在混合和油润滑条件下的释放行为缺少研究。 比如通过测量不同运转时间内微织构内润滑材料的残余量来研究其释放行为。 目前,为增加固体润滑材料在微织构内的粘结性能,减缓其释放速率,在填充固体润滑材料同时添加硅烷偶联剂或具有粘结性能的润滑材料对其改性,以实现封装固体润滑材料的缓慢释放。 因此,探寻具有改性或粘结性能的固体润滑材料是解决固体润滑材料快速释放的关键。

  • (3) 固体润滑材料的种类和表面微织构协同作用的机理。 目前研究人员普遍认为复合技术的减摩机制是利用固体润滑材料的润滑作用和微织构的搜集磨粒作用,对于表面不同结构的织构形貌与摩擦学性能之间的耦合作用,多种功能性材料的多元协同作用的需进一步加强分析,从而能够合理地选择自润滑材料的种类和表面织构的类型,从而实现减摩和耐磨的最优化。 另外还应开展复合技术的失效行为研究。

  • (4) 复合技术实际工程应用。 目前研究仍停留在试样试验阶段,试验的样品包括硬质合金刀具、气缸套试样等,对于该复合技术在实际工程中的应用还需要进行整机试验,如切削刀具、柴油机气缸套、滑动轴承等潜在的应用零件。 与此同时,应进一步丰富完善复合润滑材料及织构形貌参数应用数据库,为复合技术实际工程应用提供依据。

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